Faculty Bibliography

Preventing mental illness has become increasingly emphasized as a priority for psychologists. Unfortunately, clinicians who want to incorporate prevention activities into their practice have few available models to guide how they might accomplish such a task. Using the literature on the prevention of depression, the authors make specific recommendations to clinicians who are interested in expanding their practice by offering preventive interventions in addition to their usual treatment activities. Topics discussed include choosing target populations for the intervention, using a theoretical orientation to guide the intervention, selecting specific ingredients to include in the intervention, deciding among different intervention modalities, and obtaining financial reimbursement for prevention work. Prevention work can be a novel solution to help meet the unsatisfied needs of patients, clinicians, and society.

A previous report from the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study (P. Crits-Christoph et al., 1999) found relatively superior cocaine and drug use outcomes for individual drug counseling plus group drug counseling compared with other treatments. Using data from that study, the authors examined the relative efficacy of 4 treatments for cocaine dependence on psychosocial and other addiction-associated problems. The 487 patients were randomly assigned to 6 months of treatment with cognitive therapy, supportive-expressive therapy, or individual drug counseling (each with additional group drug counseling), or to group drug counseling alone. Assessments were made at baseline and monthly for 6 months during the acute treatment phase, with follow-up visits at 9 and 12 months. No significant differences between treatments were found on measures of psychiatric symptoms, employment, medical, legal, family-social, interpersonal, or alcohol use problems. The authors concluded that the superiority of individual drug counseling in modifying cocaine use does not extend broadly to other addiction-associated problems.

The authors examined the relation between therapeutic alliance, retention, and outcome for 308 cocaine-dependent outpatients participating in the National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. High levels of alliance were observed in supportive-expressive therapy (SE), cognitive therapy (CT), and individual drug counseling (IDC), and alliance levels increased slightly but significantly from Session 2 to Session 5 in all groups. In contrast to other studies, alliance was not a significant predictor of drug outcome. However, alliance did predict patient retention differentially across the 3 treatments. In SE and IDC, either higher levels of alliance were associated with increased retention or no relationship between alliance and retention was found, depending on the time alliance was measured. In CT, higher levels of alliance were associated with decreased retention.

This study examined the extent to which improvement from baseline to weeks 2, 3, and 4 on the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory predict week 16 clinical remission for patients with major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and/or obsessive-compulsive or avoidant personality disorders who were receiving manual-based psychotherapies. Logistic regression and receiver-operator characteristic analyses revealed relatively accurate identification of remitters and nonremitters based on improvement from baseline to sessions 2 to 4 in both original and cross-validation samples. Predictive success did not vary as a function of diagnosis, treatment type (cognitive or dynamic), or treatment status (short-term or long-term). The clinical implications of the results are discussed.

Therapists of different persuasions use various techniques. Although many of these techniques are specific to their theory of treatment, others are practiced in common among different forms of psychotherapy. Many of these common techniques have been previously described, but supportive techniques have been largely ignored. The authors distinguish between the use of supportive techniques and the therapeutic alliance. Using Luborsky's definition of supportive techniques, they examine the empirical literature on the use of these supportive techniques in various therapies. They conclude that supportive techniques are often used in different forms of psychotherapy or counseling.

The Ways of Responding (WOR) was developed to assess change in compensatory or metacognitive skills taught by cognitive therapists. Thus, one would expect WOR scores to change during cognitive therapy (CT) and to be associated with change in depression level. Twenty-seven patients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of major depression who had received CT filled out the WOR and other measures of cognition. After 12 weeks of CT, the patients exhibited change in the WOR, the Attributional Style Questionnaire, the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, and the Self-Control Scale. Furthermore, there were indications that change in depression was associated with changes in these measures of cognition, including the WOR. The WOR appears to be a sensitive measure of change during CT that covaries with change in depression. It remains to be tested whether change on the WOR is specific to CT.

The Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT) method is one of the most widely used and tested instruments developed within a psychoanalytic context for assessing central relationship patterns or characteristic patterns of relating to others. The Swedish version of the Central Relationship Questionnaire (CRQ), a recently developed self-report instrument based on the CCRT, was tested in a sample of Swedish psychology students (31 men, 60 women) and compared with responses of Swedish outpatients (15 men, 15 women) and North American students (49 men, 49 women). The subscales of the Swedish CRQ showed acceptable internal consistency and correlated with each other in a predictable fashion, displaying a pattern of intercorrelations similar to the English version. The CRQ showed meaningful patterns of correspondence with self-reported interpersonal problems as well as meaningful differences between the Swedish students and Swedish outpatients, indicating preliminary convergent and divergent validity.

The role of therapist characteristics in therapy training was examined for 62 therapists in a multisite psychotherapy outcome study that included cognitive therapy (CT), supportive-expressive (SE) psychodynamic therapy, and individual drug counseling (IDC) for cocaine-dependent patients. Demographic variables and experience and competence ratings prior to training were correlated with measures of change in competence during the training phase. Higher competence ratings before training were associated with greater change in competence for SE and higher average competence for IDC. More years of experience were associated with greater change in competence for CT therapists, but more hours of pre-training supervision in the CT treatment modality were associated with less change.