Faculty Bibliography

AIM: To determine the expression and clinical significance of transcriptional intermediary factor 1 gamma (TIF1gamma), Smad4 and transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbetaR) across a spectrum representing colorectal cancer (CRC) development. METHODS: Tissue microarrays were prepared from archival paraffin embedded tissue, including 51 colorectal carcinomas, 25 tubular adenomas (TA) and 26 HPs, each with matched normal colonic epithelium. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against TIF1gamma, Smad4 and TGFbetaRII. The levels of expression were scored semi-quantitatively (score 0-3 or loss and retention for Smad4). RESULTS: Overexpression of TIF1gamma was detected in 5/26 (19%) HP; however, it was seen in a significantly higher proportion of neoplasms, 15/25 (60%) TAs and 24/51 (47%) CRCs (P < 0.05). Normal colonic mucosa, HP, and TAs showed strong Smad4 expression, while its expression was absent in 22/51 (43%) CRCs. Overexpression of TGFbetaRII was more commonly seen in neoplasms, 13/25 (52%) TAs and 29/51 (57%) CRCs compared to 9/26 (35%) HP (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a correlation between TIF1gamma overexpression and Smad4 loss in CRC (Kendall tau rank correlation value = 0.35, P < 0.05). The levels of TIF1gamma overexpression were significantly higher in stage III than in stage I and II CRC (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that over-expression of TIF1gamma occurs in early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, is inversely related with Smad4 loss, and may be a prognostic indicator for poor outcome

We have shown previously that during branching morphogenesis of the mouse prostate gland, Bone morphogenetic protein 7 functions to restrict Notch1-positive progenitor cells to the tips of the prostate buds. Here, we employed prostate-specific murine bi-genic systems to investigate the effects of gain and loss of Notch function during prostate development. We show that Nkx3.1(Cre) and Probasin(Cre) alleles drive expression of Cre recombinase to the prostate epithelium and periepithelial stroma. We investigated the effects of gain of Notch function using the Rosa(NI1C) conditional allele, which carries a constitutively active intracellular domain of Notch1 receptor. We carried out the analysis of loss of Notch function in Nkx3.1(Cre/+);RBP-J(flox/flox) prostates, where RBP-J is a ubiquitous transcriptional mediator of Notch signaling. We found that gain of Notch function resulted in inhibition of the tumor suppressor PTEN, and increase in cell proliferation and progenitor cells in the basal epithelium and smooth muscle compartments. In turn, loss of Notch/RBP-J function resulted in decreased cell proliferation and loss of epithelial and smooth muscle progenitors. Gain of Notch function resulted in an early onset of benign prostate hyperplasia by three months of age. Loss of Notch function also resulted in abnormal differentiation of the prostate epithelium and stroma. In particular, loss of Notch signaling and increase in PTEN promoted a switch from myoblast to fibroblast lineage, and a loss of smooth muscle. In summary, we show that Notch signaling is necessary for terminal differentiation of the prostate epithelium and smooth muscle, and that during normal prostate development Notch/PTEN pathway functions to maintain patterned progenitors in the epithelial and smooth muscle compartments. In addition, we found that both positive and negative modulation of Notch signaling results in abnormal organization of the prostate tissue, and can contribute to prostate disease in the adult organ

PURPOSE: The development of new effective therapeutic agents with minimal side effects for prostate cancer (PC) treatment is much needed. Indirubin, an active molecule identified in the traditional Chinese herbal medicine-Qing Dai (Indigo naturalis), has been used to treat leukemia for decades. However, the anticancer properties of Natura-alpha, an indirubin derivative, are not well studied in solid tumors, particularly in PC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The growth kinetics and invasion ability of on human PC cell lines with or without Natura-alpha treatment were measured by cell proliferation and invasion assays. The antitumor effects of Natura-alpha were examined in nude mice tumor xenograft models, and in a patient with advanced hormone-refractory metastatic PC. Signal network proteins targeted by Natura-alpha were analyzed by using proteomic pathway array analysis (PPAA) on xenografts. RESULTS: Natura-alpha inhibited the growth of both androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and androgen-independent (LNCaP-AI, PC-3, and DU145) PC cells with IC(50) between 4 to 10 mmol/L, and also inhibited invasion of androgen-independent PC cells. Its antitumor effects were further evident in in vivo tumor reduction in androgen-dependent and androgen-independent nude mice tumor xenograft models and reduced tumor volume in the patient with hormone refractory metastatic PC. PPAA revealed that antiproliferative and antiinvasive activities of Natura-alpha on PC might primarily be through its downregulation of Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) protein. Forced overexpression of FOXM1 largely reversed the inhibition of growth and invasion by Natura-alpha. CONCLUSION: Natura-alpha could serve as a novel and effective therapeutic agent for treatment of both hormone-sensitive and hormone-refractory PC with minimal side effects.

Steroid receptor coactivators are important in regulating the function of the receptors in endocrine organ development and in cancers, including breast. Androgen receptor (AR) coactivator ARA70, was first identified as a gene fused to the ret oncogene and later characterized as an AR coactivator. We previously reported that the full length ARA70alpha functions as a tumor suppressor gene and that ARA70beta functions as an oncogene in prostate cancer. Here we show that both ARA70alpha and ARA70beta function as AR and estrogen receptor (ER) coactivators in breast cancer cells. However, ARA70alpha and ARA70beta serve different functions in mammary gland development and breast cancer tumorigenesis. We observed hypoplastic development of mammary glands in MMTV driven ARA70alpha transgenic mice and overgrowth of mammary glands in ARA70beta transgenic mice at virgin and pregnant stages. We determined that ARA70alpha inhibited cell proliferation, and that ARA70beta promotes proliferation in MCF7 breast cancer cells. These effects were observed in hormone-free media, or in media with androgen or estrogen, though to varying degrees. Additionally, we observed that ARA70beta strongly enhanced the invasive ability of MCF7 breast cancer cells in in vitro Matrigel assays. Significantly, decreased ARA70alpha expression is associated with increased tendency of breast cancer metastasis. In summary, ARA70alpha and ARA70beta have distinct effects in mammary gland development and in the progression of breast cancer

Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (LEF)1 is a major mediator and a target in canonical Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Interactions between the androgen receptor (AR) and canonical Wnt pathways have been implicated in the development of the genitourinary organs. Here, we investigated the localization and role of LEF1-positive cells during development of the prostate gland in human and in the murine model. We show that during human prostate development, LEF1 is restricted to the basal epithelial layer of the urogenital sinus. During mouse development, Lef1 is also present in the urogenital mesenchyme in addition to the basal epithelial layer of the urogenital sinus. In the course of elongation and branching of the prostatic ducts, Lef1 is localized to the proliferating epithelium at the distal tips of the buds. Notably, during branching morphogenesis, domains of Lef1 and AR are mutually exclusive. We further employed the TOPGAL reporter strain to examine the dynamics of Wnt signaling in the context of prostate regression upon a 7-d treatment with a competitive AR inhibitor, bicalutamide. We found that Wnt/Lef1-positive basal cells are not dependent upon androgen for survival. Furthermore, upon bicalutamide treatment, Wnt/Lef1-positive basal progenitors repopulated the luminal compartment. We conclude that Wnt/Lef1 activity identifies an androgen-independent population of prostate progenitors, which is important for embryonic development and organ maintenance and regeneration in the adult

PURPOSE: High mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) is a non-histone nuclear binding protein that is developmentally regulated. HMGA1 is significantly overexpressed in and associated with high grade and advance stage of prostate cancer (PC). The oncogenic role of HMGA1 is at least mediated through chromosomal instability and structural aberrations. However, regulation of HMGA1 expression is not well understood. Identification of microRNA mediated HMGA1 regulation will provide a promising therapeutic target in treating PC. Experimental Designs: In this study, we examined the functional relation between miR-296 and HMGA1 expression in several prostate cancer cell lines and a large prostate cancer cohort. We further examined the oncogenic property of HMGA1 regulated by miR-296. RESULTS: Here we report that miR-296, a microRNA predicted to target HMGA1, specifically represses HMGA1 expression by promoting degradation and inhibiting HMGA1translation . Repression of HMGA1 by miR-296 is direct and sequence-specific. Importantly, ectopic miR-296 expression significantly reduced prostate cancer cell proliferation and invasion, in part through the down-regulation of HMGA1. Examining prostate cancer patient samples, we found an inverse correlation between HMGA1 and miR-296 expression: high levels of HMGA1 were associated with low miR-296 expression and strongly linked to more advanced tumor grade and stage. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate miR-296 regulates HMGA1 expression and is associated with PC growth and invasion

A case of metastatic balloon cell malignant melanoma (BCMM) is presented. The balloon melanoma cells (BMC) were absent in the shave biopsy of the primary lesion and present as a minor component in the wide and deep excision. A subsequent right neck lymph node metastasis showed complete replacement of the lymph node by large, foamy cells. Though the tumor was amelanocytic and Fontana-Masson stain failed to reveal melanin, it stained positively for S-100, HMB-45, and Melan-A. Ultrastructurally, the foamy cells were characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolization and a lack of melanosomes. The differential diagnosis of metastatic balloon cell malignant melanoma is broad, and clinicopathologic correlation may play a critical role in achieving the correct diagnosis