Faculty Bibliography

The epidemic poses a major threat to the future of South Africa's economy and security by primarily affecting young sexually active adults and incapacitating the country's traditional extended family system that cares for sick and orphaned relatives. So far, the epidemic has left 660,000 South African children as orphans. Yet, for years, as the AIDS virus has spread, President Thabo Mbeki and his aides have resisted programs to provide anti-HIV drugs, known as antiretrovirals, making him the target of intense criticism in South Africa and the world. South Africa said that because not every infected person needed anti-HIV drugs, its program would provide the drugs initially to people with more advanced cases of AIDS. The drugs can extend life for many people but are not a cure

The change in policy comes in the same week that South Africa held its first AIDS conference, and a month after President Bush pressed [Thabo Mbeki] to provide more effective treatments for AIDS sufferers during his visit to Africa. In the past, Mbeki and his aides have questioned the safety, effectiveness and costs of the drugs, as well as the very connection between HIV and AIDS. Mbeki has also emphasized the difficulties that many Africans experience in taking the complicated regimens of multiple drugs a day. It was the first major AIDS meeting in South Africa since the international AIDS conference was held there in 2000

In the past, [Thabo Mbeki] and his aides have questioned the safety, effectiveness and costs of the drugs, as well as questioned the very connection between HIV and AIDS. He also has emphasized the difficulties that many Africans experience in taking the complicated regimens of multiple drugs a day. Mbeki has stressed the importance of reducing poverty, calling it a major factor in producing the AIDS epidemic, and urging improvement in the diet of poor people. The AIDS epidemic began to mushroom when Mbeki was vice president in the administration of Nelson Mandela. That administration did little to control the AIDS epidemic. But in recent years, Mandela has spoken out on AIDS and exerted considerable pressure on the government, and foreign countries, to do more to improve the quality of life for infected South Africans. Yesterday, the cabinet said that country could afford to provide anti-HIV drugs at a cost that is estimated at from $2.3 billion to $2.8 billion a year by 2010

The change in policy comes in the same week that South Africa held its first AIDS conference, and a month after President Bush pressed [Thabo Mbeki] to provide more effective treatments for AIDS sufferers during his visit to Africa. Bush has pledged to provide $15 billion over five years in fighting global AIDS, although it remains uncertain whether Congress and the Senate will appropriate that much

The change in policy comes in the same week that South Africa held its first AIDS conference, and just a month after President Bush pressed Mr. [Thabo Mbeki] during his visit to Africa to come up with a plan that included both a drug regimen and prevention efforts. Mr. Bush has pledged to provide $15 billion over five years in fighting global AIDS, although it remains uncertain whether Congress will appropriate that much. The South African government's change of policy came after a four-day national conference on AIDS earlier this week in Durban where demonstrators jeered the government's health minister, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang. It was the first major AIDS meeting in South Africa since an international AIDS conference was held in Durban in 2000. A major concern is how to use anti-H.I.V. drugs safely in developing countries because they cannot be taken like aspirin and experts have warned that injudicious use of the drugs could be seeds of a disaster, possibly in spreading drug-resistant strains of the AIDS virus. But a number of AIDS experts from the United States and elsewhere have been teaching doctors in Africa in the proper use of such drugs

This is a big study that generally supports everything we have said about the risks of hormone therapy, said Dr. Rowan Chlebowski of the Research and Education Institute at Harbor-University of California at the Los Angeles Medical Center in Torrance, California. Dr. Valerie Beral of Oxford University led the new study, which was paid for by the British government and Cancer Research UK, a charity. The study involved about one-fourth of British women between the ages of 50 and 64

'Government shares the impatience of many South Africans on the need to strengthen the nation's armory in the fight against AIDS,' the South African Cabinet said in a statement after a special meeting to assess the financial costs of a national drug plan and options for those with the human immunodeficiency virus associated with AIDS. The change in policy comes in the same week that South Africa held its first AIDS conference, and a month after President Bush pressed [Thabo Mbeki] to provide more effective treatments for AIDS sufferers during his visit to Africa. Bush has pledged to provide $15 billion over five years in fighting global AIDS

The study is by far the largest to determine the effects of hormones on breast cancer. The findings, to be published in the journal The Lancet, build on compelling evidence from studies in the United States that the risks of invasive breast cancer from combination hormone therapy were greater than many doctors had predicted. That translated into 20,000 extra breast cancers among the women over the past 10 years; 15,000 of them were linked to combination therapy, and 5,000 to estrogen alone, the researchers said. No similar estimate has been made for the United States, experts said. Ford, of the National Cancer Institute, said the British study supported findings reported in June suggesting that combination hormone therapy led to more aggressive cancers that were detected at a more advanced stage than among women who do not take such therapy. Combination therapy also increased the percentage of women with abnormal mammograms, according to the study, which was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association

The study is by far the largest to determine the effects of hormones on breast cancer. The findings, which are being published in London on Saturday in the journal The Lancet, build on compelling evidence from studies in the United States that the risks of invasive breast cancer from combination hormone therapy were greater than many doctors had predicted

The study is by far the largest to determine the effects of hormones on breast cancer. The findings, which are being published in London tomorrow in the journal The Lancet, build on compelling evidence from studies in the United States that the risks of invasive breast cancer from combination hormone therapy were greater than many doctors had predicted. The risk of breast cancer increased over time. [Valerie Beral]'s team calculated that after 10 years, there would be five additional breast cancers per 1,000 estrogen users and 19 additional cancers per 1,000 women who used an estrogen-progestin combination. That translated into 20,000 extra breast cancers among the women over the past 10 years; 15,000 of them were linked to combination therapy, and 5,000 to estrogen alone, the researchers said. No similar estimate has been made for the United States, experts said