Faculty Bibliography

PURPOSE: Strict regulations are imposed on the amount of radiofrequency (RF) energy that devices can emit to prevent excessive deposition of RF energy into the body. In this study, we investigated the application of MR temperature mapping and 10-g average specific absorption rate (SAR) computation for safety evaluation of RF-emitting devices. METHODS: Quantification of the RF power deposition was shown for an MRI-compatible dipole antenna and a non-MRI-compatible mobile phone via phantom temperature change measurements. Validation of the MR temperature mapping method was demonstrated by comparison with physical temperature measurements and electromagnetic field simulations. MR temperature measurements alongside physical property measurements were used to reconstruct 10-g average SAR. RESULTS: The maximum temperature change for a dipole antenna and the maximum 10-g average SAR were 1.83 degrees C and 12.4 W/kg, respectively, for simulations and 1.73 degrees C and 11.9 W/kg, respectively, for experiments. The difference between MR and probe thermometry was <0.15 degrees C. The maximum temperature change and the maximum 10-g average SAR for a cell phone radiating at maximum output for 15 min was 1.7 degrees C and 0.54 W/kg, respectively. CONCLUSION: Information acquired using MR temperature mapping and thermal property measurements can assess RF/microwave safety with high resolution and fidelity. Magn Reson Med, 2014. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to demonstrate feasibility of free-breathing radial acquisition with respiratory motion-resolved compressed sensing reconstruction [extra-dimensional golden-angle radial sparse parallel imaging (XD-GRASP)] for multiphase dynamic gadolinium ethoxybenzyl diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced liver imaging, and to compare image quality to compressed sensing reconstruction with respiratory motion-averaging (GRASP) and prior conventional breath-held Cartesian-sampled data sets [BH volume interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE)] in same patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-compliant prospective study, 16 subjects underwent free-breathing continuous radial acquisition during Gd-EOB-DTPA injection and had prior BH-VIBE available. Acquired data were reconstructed using motion-averaging GRASP approach in which consecutive 84 spokes were grouped in each contrast-enhanced phase for a temporal resolution of approximately 14 seconds. Additionally, respiratory motion-resolved reconstruction was performed from the same k-space data by sorting each contrast-enhanced phase into multiple respiratory motion states using compressed sensing algorithm named XD-GRASP, which exploits sparsity along both the contrast-enhancement and respiratory-state dimensions.Contrast-enhanced dynamic multiphase XD-GRASP, GRASP, and BH-VIBE images were anonymized, pooled together in a random order, and presented to 2 board-certified radiologists for independent evaluation of image quality, with higher score indicating more optimal examination. RESULTS: The XD-GRASP reconstructions had significantly (all P < 0.05) higher overall image quality scores compared to GRASP for early arterial (reader 1: 4.3 +/- 0.6 vs 3.31 +/- 0.6; reader 2: 3.81 +/- 0.8 vs 3.38 +/- 0.9) and late arterial (reader 1: 4.5 +/- 0.6 vs 3.63 +/- 0.6; reader 2: 3.56 +/- 0.5 vs 2.88 +/- 0.7) phases of enhancement for both readers. The XD-GRASP also had higher overall image quality score in portal venous phase, which was significant for reader 1 (4.44 +/- 0.5 vs 3.75 +/- 0.8; P = 0.002). In addition, the XD-GRASP had higher overall image quality score compared to BH-VIBE for early (reader 1: 4.3 +/- 0.6 vs 3.88 +/- 0.6; reader 2: 3.81 +/- 0.8 vs 3.50 +/- 1.0) and late (reader 1: 4.5 +/- 0.6 vs 3.44 +/- 0.6; reader 2: 3.56 +/- 0.5 vs 2.94 +/- 0.9) arterial phases. CONCLUSION: Free-breathing motion-resolved XD-GRASP reconstructions provide diagnostic high-quality multiphase images in patients undergoing Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced liver examination.

PURPOSE: To compare fitting methods and sampling strategies, including the implementation of an optimized b-value selection for improved estimation of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) parameters in breast cancer. METHODS: Fourteen patients (age, 48.4 +/- 14.27 years) with cancerous lesions underwent 3 Tesla breast MRI examination for a HIPAA-compliant, institutional review board approved diffusion MR study. IVIM biomarkers were calculated using "free" versus "segmented" fitting for conventional or optimized (repetitions of key b-values) b-value selection. Monte Carlo simulations were performed over a range of IVIM parameters to evaluate methods of analysis. Relative bias values, relative error, and coefficients of variation (CV) were obtained for assessment of methods. Statistical paired t-tests were used for comparison of experimental mean values and errors from each fitting and sampling method. RESULTS: Comparison of the different analysis/sampling methods in simulations and experiments showed that the "segmented" analysis and the optimized method have higher precision and accuracy, in general, compared with "free" fitting of conventional sampling when considering all parameters. Regarding relative bias, IVIM parameters fp and Dt differed significantly between "segmented" and "free" fitting methods. CONCLUSION: IVIM analysis may improve using optimized selection and "segmented" analysis, potentially enabling better differentiation of breast cancer subtypes and monitoring of treatment. Magn Reson Med, 2014. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

OBJECTIVE: To measure background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) and compare with other contrast enhancement values and diffusion-weighted MRI parameters in healthy and cancerous breast tissue at the clinical level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This HIPAA-compliant, IRB approved retrospective study enrolled 77 patients (38 patients with breast cancer - mean age 51.8+/-10.0 years; 39 high-risk patients for screening evaluation - mean age 46.3+/-11.7 years), who underwent contrast-enhanced 3T breast MRI. Contrast enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging were performed to quantify BPE, lesion contrast enhancement, and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) metrics in fibroglandular tissue (FGT) and lesions. RESULTS: BPE did not correlate with ADC values. Mean BPE for the lesion-bearing patients was higher (43.9%) compared to that of the high-risk screening patients (28.3%, p=0.004). Significant correlation (r=0.37, p<0.05) was found between BPE and lesion contrast enhancement. CONCLUSION: No significant association was observed between parenchymal or lesion enhancement with conventional apparent diffusion metrics, suggesting that proliferative processes are not co-regulated in cancerous and parenchymal tissue.

PURPOSE: All methods presented to date to map both conductivity and permittivity rely on multiple acquisitions to compute quantitatively the magnitude of radiofrequency transmit fields, B1+. In this work, we propose a method to compute both conductivity and permittivity based solely on relative receive coil sensitivities ( B1-) that can be obtained in one single measurement without the need to neither explicitly perform transmit/receive phase separation nor make assumptions regarding those phases. THEORY AND METHODS: To demonstrate the validity and the noise sensitivity of our method we used electromagnetic finite differences simulations of a 16-channel transceiver array. To experimentally validate our methodology at 7 Tesla, multi compartment phantom data was acquired using a standard 32-channel receive coil system and two-dimensional (2D) and 3D gradient echo acquisition. The reconstructed electric properties were correlated to those measured using dielectric probes. RESULTS: The method was demonstrated both in simulations and in phantom data with correlations to both the modeled and bench measurements being close to identity. The noise properties were modeled and understood. CONCLUSION: The proposed methodology allows to quantitatively determine the electrical properties of a sample using any MR contrast, with the only constraint being the need to have 4 or more receive coils and high SNR. Magn Reson Med, 2014. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate with both high spatial and temporal resolution via a combination of golden-angle radial k-space sampling, compressed sensing, and parallel-imaging reconstruction (GRASP), and to compare image quality and lesion depiction between GRASP and conventional DCE in prostate cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty prostate cancer patients underwent two 3T prostate MRI examinations on separate dates, one using standard DCE (spatial resolution 3.0 x 1.9 x 1.9 mm, temporal resolution 5.5 sec) and the other using GRASP (spatial resolution 3.0 x 1.1 x 1.1 mm, temporal resolution 2.3 sec). Two radiologists assessed measures of image quality and dominant lesion size. The experienced reader recorded differences in contrast arrival times between the dominant lesion and benign prostate. RESULTS: Compared with standard DCE, GRASP demonstrated significantly better clarity of the capsule, peripheral/transition zone boundary, urethra, and periprostatic vessels; image sharpness; and lesion conspicuity for both readers (P < 0.001-0.020). GRASP showed improved interreader correlation for lesion size (GRASP: r = 0.691-0.824, standard: r = 0.495-0.542). In 8/20 cases, only GRASP showed earlier contrast arrival in tumor than benign; in no case did only standard DCE show earlier contrast arrival in tumor. CONCLUSION: High spatiotemporal resolution prostate DCE is possible with GRASP, which has the potential to improve image quality and lesion depiction as compared with standard DCE.J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PURPOSE: To apply the low-rank plus sparse (L+S) matrix decomposition model to reconstruct undersampled dynamic MRI as a superposition of background and dynamic components in various problems of clinical interest. THEORY AND METHODS: The L+S model is natural to represent dynamic MRI data. Incoherence between k-t space (acquisition) and the singular vectors of L and the sparse domain of S is required to reconstruct undersampled data. Incoherence between L and S is required for robust separation of background and dynamic components. Multicoil L+S reconstruction is formulated using a convex optimization approach, where the nuclear norm is used to enforce low rank in L and the l1 norm is used to enforce sparsity in S. Feasibility of the L+S reconstruction was tested in several dynamic MRI experiments with true acceleration, including cardiac perfusion, cardiac cine, time-resolved angiography, and abdominal and breast perfusion using Cartesian and radial sampling. RESULTS: The L+S model increased compressibility of dynamic MRI data and thus enabled high-acceleration factors. The inherent background separation improved background suppression performance compared to conventional data subtraction, which is sensitive to motion. CONCLUSION: The high acceleration and background separation enabled by L+S promises to enhance spatial and temporal resolution and to enable background suppression without the need of subtraction or modeling. Magn Reson Med, 2014. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Radial spin-echo diffusion imaging allows motion-robust imaging of tissues with very low T2 values like articular cartilage with high spatial resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). However, in vivo measurements are challenging, due to the significantly slower data acquisition speed of spin-echo sequences and the less efficient k-space coverage of radial sampling, which raises the demand for accelerated protocols by means of undersampling. This work introduces a new reconstruction approach for undersampled diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI). A model-based reconstruction implicitly exploits redundancies in the diffusion-weighted images by reducing the number of unknowns in the optimization problem and compressed sensing is performed directly in the target quantitative domain by imposing a total variation (TV) constraint on the elements of the diffusion tensor. Experiments were performed for an anisotropic phantom and the knee and brain of healthy volunteers (three and two volunteers, respectively). Evaluation of the new approach was conducted by comparing the results with reconstructions performed with gridding, combined parallel imaging and compressed sensing and a recently proposed model-based approach. The experiments demonstrated improvements in terms of reduction of noise and streaking artifacts in the quantitative parameter maps, as well as a reduction of angular dispersion of the primary eigenvector when using the proposed method, without introducing systematic errors into the maps. This may enable an essential reduction of the acquisition time in radial spin-echo diffusion-tensor imaging without degrading parameter quantification and/or SNR

PURPOSE: Quantitative T2 -relaxation-based contrast has the potential to provide valuable clinical information. Practical T2 -mapping, however, is impaired either by prohibitively long acquisition times or by contamination of fast multiecho protocols by stimulated and indirect echoes. This work presents a novel postprocessing approach aiming to overcome the common penalties associated with multiecho protocols, and enabling rapid and accurate mapping of T2 relaxation values. METHODS: Bloch simulations are used to estimate the actual echo-modulation curve (EMC) in a multi-spin-echo experiment. Simulations are repeated for a range of T2 values and transmit field scales, yielding a database of simulated EMCs, which is then used to identify the T2 value whose EMC most closely matches the experimentally measured data at each voxel. RESULTS: T2 maps of both phantom and in vivo scans were successfully reconstructed, closely matching maps produced from single spin-echo data. Results were consistent over the physiological range of T2 values and across different experimental settings. CONCLUSION: The proposed technique allows accurate T2 mapping in clinically feasible scan times, free of user- and scanner-dependent variations, while providing a comprehensive framework that can be extended to model other parameters (e.g., T1 , B1 + , B0 , diffusion) and support arbitrary acquisition schemes. Magn Reson Med, 2014. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The task of imaging is to gather spatiotemporal information which can be organized into a coherent map. Tomographic imaging in particular involves the use of multiple projections, or other interactions of a probe (light, sound, etc.) with a body, in order to determine cross-sectional information. Though the probes and the corresponding imaging modalities may vary, and though the methodology of particular imaging approaches is in constant ferment, the conceptual underpinnings of tomographic imaging have in many ways remained fixed for many decades. Recent advances in applied mathematics, however, have begun to roil this intellectual landscape. The advent of compressed sensing, anticipated in various algorithms dating back many years but unleashed in full theoretical force in the last decade, has changed the way imagers have begun to think about data acquisition and image reconstruction. The power of incoherent sampling and sparsity-enforcing reconstruction has been demonstrated in various contexts and, when combined with other modern fast imaging techniques, has enabled unprecedented increases in imaging efficiency. Perhaps more importantly, however, such approaches have spurred a shift in perspective, prompting us to focus less on nominal data sufficiency than on information content. Beginning with examples from MRI, then proceeding through selected other modalities such as CT and PET, as well as multimodality combinations, this paper explores the potential of newly evolving acquisition and reconstruction paradigms to change the way we do imaging in the lab and in the clinic.