Faculty Bibliography

In a study published online by the journal Annals of Internal Medicine, the bacteria seemed to be spread most easily through anal intercourse but also through casual skin-to-skin contact and touching contaminated surfaces.

The institute said the other half of the award would be shared equally by two French virologists, Dr. Francoise Barre-Sinoussi and Dr. Luc Montagnier, for discovering HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Since its discovery in 1981, AIDS has rivaled the worst epidemics in history. An estimated 25 million people have died, and 33 million more are living with HIV. The Karolinska Institute said that discovery of HIV by the French scientists, Barre-Sinoussi and Montagnier, led to blood tests to detect the infection and to antiretroviral drugs that are effective in prolonging the lives of patients. The tests are now used to screen blood donations, making the blood supply safer for transfusions. The viral discovery has also led to an understanding of the natural history of HIV infection in people, which ultimately leads to AIDS unless treated. Dr. John Niederhuber, director of the National Cancer Institute, said Monday that Gallo 'was instrumental in every major aspect of the discovery of the AIDS virus.' He added: 'Dr. Gallo discovered interleukein-2, an immune-system-signaling molecule, which was necessary for the discovery of the AIDS virus, serving as a co-culture factor that allowed the virus to grow. Numerous scientific journal articles, many co-authored by Dr. Gallo and Dr. Luc Montagnier, cite the two scientists as co-discoverers of the AIDS virus.'

''It's likely that some cultural influences are involved, and I am sure that people are doing what their grandmothers and aunties did in practices carried through generations,'' Dr. [Kenneth L. Dominguez] said. The first two cases involved boys from Miami infected in the mid-'90s. One boy's infection was detected when he was 39 months old, shortly before his death, after previously testing negative for the virus twice. The mother, who was infected, reported pre-chewing food for the boy. The second boy's mother was uninfected but lived with an infected aunt who pre-chewed his food. He survives. In the third case, a girl from Memphis was found to be infected in 2004 at 9 months old after testing negative for the virus three times. Her mother was infected and pre-chewed food for her daughter

The operation was performed mainly to determine whether the melanoma, a potentially fatal form of skin cancer, had spread from his left temple to a key lymph node in his neck; a preliminary pathology test at the time showed that it had not. In 1999, during McCain's first race for president, he gave the public an extraordinary look at his medical history - 1,500 pages of medical and psychiatric records that were amassed as part of a U.S. Navy project to gauge the health of former prisoners of war.

Another plenary speaker, Dr. Bruno Spire, the president of AIDES, a nongovernmental group in France, also called for improving laws and policies to combat stigma and discrimination against groups most vulnerable to H.I.V., typically gay and bisexual men, injecting drug users and sex workers

There was 'a 'planting and eating soybean' project for people living with H.I.V./AIDS in rural Anhui, China,' 'situational analysis and client satisfaction evaluation of A.R.T. centers in India' and 'coordinating procurement planning using logistics data,' to name but a few such studies

Dr. Endo, 74, was chosen for ushering in a new era in preventing and treating coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death in the United States and many other countries, said Dr. Joseph L. Goldstein, chairman of the 24-member scientific jury that selects the Lasker recipients

Dr. Kevin DeCock, director of the HIV department of the World Health Organization, a UN agency, said that health workers might accept the modest risk of becoming infected with HIV through needles and blood. But, he added, 'it is quite another thing if you are at risk by sharing air with patients with HIV' who have tuberculosis that is resistant to standard and second-line drugs. That, he said, 'has the potential to change how health care workers look at the issue of AIDS care.' At least 700,000 tuberculosis cases develop among HIV-infected people each year, and an estimated 230,000 HIV-infected people will die this year from tuberculosis. The number includes many who received standard antiretroviral drugs that can keep HIV in check but who failed to receive drugs that can usually cure nonresistant tuberculosis, said Dr. Mario Raviglione, director of tuberculosis control for the WHO. A particular problem is that in 2006, only 12 percent of reported tuberculosis cases worldwide were also tested for HIV; in Africa, the percentage was 22. But Raviglione noted signs of progress. He said that the percentage of tuberculosis patients tested for HIV in Kenya rose to 70 in 2007 from 19 in 2004 and in Malawi to 83 from 25 in 2004. In Rwanda, the percentage rose to 89 from zero