Faculty Bibliography

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Substance use has substantial effects on oral health, and dental visits provide an opportunity to address substance use disorders. We surveyed dentists to learn whether they might play a role in substance use screening and interventions. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: All dentists active in the PEARL dental practice-based research network were invited to complete a web-based survey in summer 2010. The 41-item survey assessed clinic policies and dentists' practices, attitudes, and perception of barriers regarding screening, counseling, and referrals for substance use. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: One hundred forty-three dentists completed the survey (68% response rate). Almost all respondents felt it was important to screen patients for tobacco (99%), alcohol (92%) and illicit drug (93%) use, though actual screening rates were much lower. Counseling or referrals were infrequently provided for users of alcohol (29%) and illicit drugs (25%), but were more common for tobacco (63%). The most frequently identified barrier to addressing substance use was insufficient knowledge/training. Other barriers were lack of referral sites, staff resistance, and time constraints. If reimbursement were available, many dentists said they would offer counseling and assistance for tobacco (67%), alcohol (52%), and illicit drugs (48%); an affirmative response was significantly more likely among the 43 dentists who saw Medicaid patients (p < 0.01). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Dentists recognize the importance of screening for substance use, but lack the clinical training and systems that might allow them to intervene. If these barriers were reduced, dentists could be willing partners in addressing substance use disorders

This report examines associations between the availability of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related health services in substance abuse treatment programs and characteristics of the programs and the patients they serve. In a cross-sectional, descriptive design and via a validated survey, program administrators within the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network provided information on program characteristics, patient characteristics (rates of risky sexual and drug behaviors and HIV infection), and the availability of 31 different HIV-related health services. Of 319 programs, 84% submitted surveys. Service availability rates ranged from: 10% (pneumococcal vaccination) to 86% (drug testing) for the 6 HIV-related services offered to all patients, 13% (Pap smear for women) to 54% (tuberculin skin testing) for the 6 services offered to new patients, 2% (sterile injection equipment) to 64% (male condoms) for the 4 risk-reduction services, 37% (Pap smear for women) to 61% (tuberculin skin testing) for the 11 biological assessments offered to HIV-positive patients, and 33% (medical treatments) to 52% (counseling) for the 4 other services offered to HIV-positive patients. The availability of these HIV-related services was associated with clinical settings, the types of addiction treatment services, the rates of risky drug and sexual behaviors, and HIV infection rates among patients. Availability of such services was below published guidelines. While the results provide another basis for the infection-related prevention benefits of substance abuse treatment, the variability in the availability of HIV-related health care deserves further study and has health policy implications in determining how to utilize substance abuse treatment in reducing drug-related HIV transmission

The feasibility of using extended-release injectable naltrexone (XR-NTX) to treat alcohol dependence in routine primary care settings is unknown. An open-label, observational cohort study evaluated 3-month treatment retention, patient satisfaction, and alcohol use among alcohol-dependent patients in two urban public hospital medical clinics. Adults seeking treatment were offered monthly medical management (MM) and three XR-NTX injections (380 mg, intramuscular). Physician-delivered MM emphasized alcohol abstinence, medication effects, and accessing mutual help and counseling resources. Seventy-two alcohol-dependent patients were enrolled; 90% (65 of 72) of eligible subjects received the first XR-NTX injection; 75% (49 of 65) initiating treatment received the second XR-NTX injection; 62% (40 of 65), the third. Among the 56% (n = 40) receiving three injections, median drinks per day decreased from 4.1 (95% confidence interval = 2.9-6) at baseline to 0.5 (0-1.7) during Month 3. Extended-release naltrexone delivered in a primary care MM model appears a feasible and acceptable treatment for alcohol dependence

Multisite effectiveness trials such as those carried out in the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN) are a critical step in the development and dissemination of evidence-based treatments because they address how such treatments perform in real-world clinical settings. As Brigham et al. summarized in a recent article (G. S. Brigham, D. J. Feaster, P. G. Wakim, & C. L. Dempsey C. L., 2009), several possible experimental designs may be chosen for such effectiveness trials. These include (a) a new treatment intervention (Tx) is compared to an existing mode of community based treatment as usual (TAU): Tx versus TAU; (b) a new intervention is added to TAU and compared to TAU alone: Tx + TAU versus TAU; or (c) a new intervention is added to TAU and compared to a control condition added to TAU: Tx + TAU versus control + TAU. Each of these designs addresses a different question and has different potential strengths and weaknesses. As of December 2009, the primary outcome paper had been published for 16 of the multisite randomized clinical trials conducted in the CTN, testing various treatments for drug abuse, HIV risk behavior, or related problems. This paper systematically examines, for each of the completed trials, the experimental design type chosen and its original rationale, the main findings of the trial, and the strengths and weaknesses of the design in hindsight. Based on this review, recommendations are generated to inform the design of future effectiveness trials on treatments for substance abuse, HIV risk, and other behavioral health problems

We report here the results of a randomized, controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of a semiautomated performance improvement system ('patient feedback') that enables real-time monitoring of patient outcomes in outpatient substance abuse treatment clinics. The study involved 118 clinicians working at 20 community-based outpatient substance abuse treatment clinics in the northeast United States. Ten clinics received 12 weeks of the patient feedback performance improvement intervention, and 10 clinics received no intervention during the 12 weeks. More than 1,500 patients provided anonymous ratings of therapeutic alliance, treatment satisfaction, and drug/alcohol use. There was no evidence of an intervention effect on the primary drug and alcohol use scales. There was also no evidence of an intervention effect on secondary measures of therapeutic alliance. Clinician-rated measures of organizational functioning and job satisfaction also showed no intervention effect. Possible insights from these findings and alternative methods of utilizing feedback reports to enhance clinical outcomes are proposed

The National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN) recently completed a randomized, open label trial comparing treatment as usual (TAU) combined with nicotine patches plus cognitive behavioral group counseling for smoking cessation (n = 153) to TAU alone (n = 72) for patients enrolled in treatment programs for drug or alcohol dependence, who were interested in quitting smoking. This report is a secondary analysis evaluating the effect of depressive symptomatology (n = 70) or history of depression (n = 110) on smoking cessation outcomes. A significant association was seen between measures of depression and difficulty quitting cigarettes. Specifically, there was a greater probability for smoking abstinence for those with lower baseline Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) scores. These data suggest that evaluation and treatment of depressive symptoms may play an important role in improving smoking cessation outcomes. (Am J Addict 2010;00:1-8)

BACKGROUND: Although attention deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is a common comorbidity in individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorder (SUD), little data currently exist on the utility of screening tools in large samples of adults with SUD in inpatient treatment and the prevalence of ADHD in this population. The aims of this study were to assess the screen positive rate on the Adult ADHD Self Report Scale (ASRS) v.1.1 Screener in a large sample of adults being treated for SUD in a residential treatment facility (RTF) and to establish the imputed prevalence of adult ADHD. METHODS: Adults with SUD who were either newly admitted (abstinent for < 1 week) or in treatment in the RTF (abstinent < 3 months) were administered the ASRS v.1.1 Screener. Adults who screened positive on the ASRS v1.1 Screener (>or= 4/6 significant items) were then administered the Adult Clinician Diagnostic Scale (ACDS) v.1.2 to establish a diagnosis of ADHD and the positive predictive value (PPV) in this population. The imputed prevalence of adult ADHD was calculated based on the known rate of ADHD in the screened positive cohort and a calculated rate of ADHD in the screened negative sample based on prior studies of the ASRS v1.1 Screener in community-based and managed care samples. RESULTS: 1064 adults were screened via the ASRS v.1.1 Screener, with 92 screening positive (8.6% had >or= 4 significant items present). Fifty-three of those who screened positive were diagnosed as having adult ADHD (PPV = 57.6%). The imputed prevalence of adult ADHD in this population was 7.5%. CONCLUSIONS: The PPV for the ASRS v1.1 Screener for adult ADHD in this sample of adults with SUD was similar to that observed in a prior study of a managed care sample, but was somewhat less than that observed in the community-based sample. The imputed prevalence rate for comorbid ADHD in this study of adults with SUD in a RTF was similar to, but slightly lower than the prevalence rate of ADHD in patients with any SUD observed in the community-based sample

Heroin addiction is a chronic complex disease with a substantial genetic contribution. This study was designed to identify gene variants associated with heroin addiction in African Americans. The emphasis was on genes involved in reward modulation, behavioral control, cognitive function, signal transduction and stress response. We have performed a case-control association analysis by screening with 1350 variants of 130 genes. The sample consisted of 202 former severe heroin addicts in methadone treatment and 167 healthy controls with no history of drug abuse. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), haplotype and multi-SNP genotype pattern analyses were performed. Seventeen SNPs showed point-wise significant association with heroin addiction (nominal P< 0.01). These SNPs are from genes encoding several receptors: adrenergic (ADRA1A), arginine vasopressin (AVPR1A), cholinergic (CHRM2), dopamine (DRD1), GABA-A (GABRB3), glutamate (GRIN2A) and serotonin (HTR3A) as well as alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH7), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD1 and GAD2), the nucleoside transporter (SLC29A1) and diazepam-binding inhibitor (DBI). The most significant result of the analyses was obtained for the GRIN2A haplotype G-A-T (rs4587976-rs1071502-rs1366076) with protective effect (P(uncorrected) = 9.6E- 05, P(corrected) = 0.058). This study corroborates several reported associations with alcohol and drug addiction as well as other related disorders and extends the list of variants that may affect the development of heroin addiction. Further studies will be necessary to replicate these associations and to elucidate the roles of these variants in drug addiction vulnerability.

OBJECTIVES: This report focused upon the availability of infection-related health services in substance abuse treatment programs with and without addiction services tailored for special populations (women and non-white populations). METHODS: In a cross-sectional, descriptive design, treatment program administrators across the United States within the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network provided information on program characteristics, the availability of infection-related services (four medical services and three non-medical services for HIV, HCV, and STI), and barriers to providing infection-related services. RESULTS: Of 319 programs, 269 submitted surveys (84% response rate). Of these, 80% provided addiction services for special populations. Programs providing addiction services designed for at least one special population, were more likely to provide infection-related health services, especially HIV-related education (94% versus 85%, p = 0.05) and patient counseling (76% versus 60%, p = 0.03) and were more likely to include outpatient addiction services (86% versus 57%, p<0.001) and outreach and support services (92% versus 70%, p=0.01). Barriers to providing infection-related services included funding (cited by 48.3% to 74.7% of programs), health insurance (cited by 28.9% to 60.8% of programs), and patient acceptance (cited by 23.2% to 54.3% of programs). CONCLUSIONS: Despite many barriers, infection-related healthcare is available in programs with addiction treatment services tailored for special populations, especially for African Americans and Latino Americans. Tailoring substance abuse treatment along with reducing barriers to infection-related care represent public health interventions with potential to reduce the burdens and disparities associated with these infections