Faculty Bibliography

The operation was performed mainly to determine whether the melanoma, a potentially fatal form of skin cancer, had spread from his left temple to a key lymph node in his neck; a preliminary pathology test at the time showed that it had not.

The marks are reminders of the melanoma surgery he underwent in August 2000. [John McCain], the presumptive Republican presidential nominee, sometimes tells audiences that he has 'more scars than Frankenstein.' The melanoma removed in 2000 was Stage IIa on a standard classification that makes Stage IV the most serious. For Stage IIa melanoma, the survival rate 10 years after diagnosis is about 65 percent. But the outlook is much better for patients like McCain, who have already survived more than seven years. The most serious melanoma was spotted on his temple in 2000 by the attending physician at the U.S. Capitol after it had escaped the eye of McCain's personal physician

In the age recommendation to 18, the aim is to reduce time children and parents lose making visits to pediatricians and missing school, and the need for antibiotics for complications, said Dr. Anne Schuchat, who directs the disease agency's program on immunization and respiratory diseases.

'We are seeing levels of multidrug-resistant TB that we never expected - 20 percent is a very high level,' [Mario Raviglione] said. His program, the Global Plan to Stop TB, is a road map for reducing by half TB prevalence and deaths by 2015 compared with 1990 levels. 'In sub-Saharan Africa, HIV and AIDS are dramatically fueling the spread of TB,' the WHO said. TB patients in Latvia and Donetsk who were HIV-infected were almost twice as likely to have a drug- resistant strain of TB as TB patients who were not HIV-infected. Nonetheless, Raviglione said there were success stories. He cited the Baltic countries of Estonia and Latvia as 'the model' because they were once the 'hot spots' for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Today, he said, after a sustained investment and assault on multidrug-resistant TB, rates there are stabilizing

In a new study reported at Wednesday's meeting, Dr. David K. Shay, who led a team from the C.D.C. and eight state health departments, found that full immunization against flu provided about a 75 percent effectiveness rate in preventing hospitalizations from influenza complications in the 2005-6 and 2006-7 influenza seasons. (The 75 percent rate could range, according to a standard statistical measure known as confidence intervals, from 41 percent to 91 percent.) Vaccines are typically designed to protect against the three strains of influenza. Experts determine the strains based on data from current seasonal transmission and their judgment about future activity. Usually one or two strains are changed in each year's vaccine. Committees from the World Health Organization and the United States Food and Drug Administration voted earlier this month to change all three strains in next season's vaccine. It is the first time that all three strains were changed at once, Dr. Nancy Cox, an influenza expert at the C.D.C., said in a news conference on Feb. 22

'We are seeing levels of multiple-drug-resistant TB that we never expected; 20 percent is a very high level,' [Mario Raviglione] said. The Global Plan to Stop TB is a road map for reducing by half TB prevalence and deaths by 2015 compared with 1990 levels. A decade ago, when the WHO first received reports of 9 to 10 percent rates of multiple-drug-resistant TB in some areas, many scientists thought the figure was inaccurate due to a misclassification that mixed new, previously treated and chronic cases together. Experts also said higher rates were not possible, Raviglione said, but 'we see now it is possible, it tells you they are really doing something wrong in places where this form of TB is spreading.' They were the drug resistant tuberculosis 'hot spots' 13 years ago. Today, after a substantial investment and a sustained assault on multiple-drug-resistant TB, rates in these two countries are stabilizing and rates of new TB are falling

A decade ago, when WHO first received reports of 9 to 10 percent rates of multiple-drug-resistant TB in some areas, many scientists thought the figure was inaccurate due to a misclassification that mixed new, previously treated and chronic cases together. Experts also said higher rates were not possible, [Mario C. Raviglione] said, but 'we see now it is possible, it tells you they are really doing something wrong in places where this form of TB is spreading.'

''We are seeing levels of multidrug-resistant TB that we never expected -- 20 percent is a very high level,'' Dr. [Mario C. Raviglione] said. His program, the Global Plan to Stop TB, is a road map for reducing by half TB prevalence and deaths by 2015 compared with 1990 levels. ''In sub-Saharan Africa, H.I.V. and AIDS are dramatically fueling the spread of TB,'' the W.H.O. said. TB patients in Latvia and Donetsk who were H.I.V.-infected were almost twice as likely to have a drug-resistant strain of TB as TB patients who were not H.I.V.-infected. Although the report highlights the extent of drug resistance, Dr. Raviglione said there were successes in which governments invested in control measures. He cited the Baltic countries of Estonia and Latvia as ''the model'' because they were the ''hot spots'' 13 years ago for drug-resistant tuberculosis. Today, he said, after a sustained investment and assault on multidrug-resistant TB, rates in these two countries are stabilizing and rates of new tuberculosis are falling

''It all works exactly the same, the cuts and the procedure,'' Dr. Sade said. ''But the circumstances are quite different.'' Mr. Navarro was diagnosed with adrenoleukodystrophy, a neurological disorder, when he was 9. ''He would walk like he was drunk,'' said his mother, [Rosa Navarro], a Guatemalan immigrant. ''And when he would play, he would fall like Bambi.'' ''He didn't deserve to be like that, to go that way,'' she said. ''He died without dignity and sympathy and without respect.''

For years, scientists have known that HIV rapidly invades the lymph nodes and lymph tissues that are abundant throughout the gut, or intestines. The gut becomes the prime site for replication of HIV, and the virus then goes on to deplete the lymph tissue of the key CD4 HIV-fighting immune cells. [Anthony Fauci], James Arthos, Claudia Cicala, Elena Martinelli and their colleagues showed that a molecule, integrin alpha-4 beta-7, which naturally directs immune cells to the gut, is also a receptor for HIV. Several other receptor sites for HIV are known. The most important is the CD4 molecule on certain immune cells; the molecule's role as an HIV receptor was identified in 1984