Faculty Bibliography

The strategy involves testing the infected blood twice, using both a sensitive and less sensitive method. The body forms antibodies against H.I.V. and other infectious agents, and such antibodies tend to be elevated in the blood during the first few months after infection. Thus, individuals infected recently are likely to test as positive on a sensitive test but negative on a less sensitive test. The rise is deeply troubling because it was seen in San Francisco, one of the principal centers of the AIDS epidemic that was first detected in 1981. Thus, the rise could signal a new wave of infections there and elsewhere, San Francisco health officials said. San Francisco, New York and Los Angeles were the three cities where AIDS was first recognized. An estimated 6,000 new infections with H.I.V., the virus that causes AIDS, occurred in San Francisco at the peak of the epidemic there in 1982. Dr. [Ronald O. Valdiserri] said he did not ''want to be alarmist about a national resurgence'' of H.I.V. But, he went on, ''we have been trying to sound the alarm about the misperception that the AIDS epidemic is over and not an issue any more.''

The ferocity of the AIDS epidemic in Africa is such that its ravages thus far will seem minor compared with what lies ahead, unless affected countries make AIDS control programs a national priority and other nations contribute much more money for prevention and care, UNAIDS said. It is UNAIDS' second comprehensive report on the global epidemic of AIDS. The first report was published two years ago in conjunction with the last international AIDS conference in Geneva. That report painted a bleak picture of AIDS, showing one in four people were infected in some parts of Africa. In the new report, UNAIDS calculated for the first time the impact of AIDS on young people, the very individuals who are most often infected by HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. HIV, which has been spread primarily through heterosexual sex in Africa, is wiping out many households, devastating national economies and killing off so many teachers that it is undermining the delivery of basic education, Dr. Peter Piot, the head of UNAIDS, said in a telephone news conference from Geneva

It is [Unaids]'s second comprehensive report on the global epidemic of AIDS. The first report was published two years ago in conjunction with the last international AIDS conference, in Geneva. That report painted a bleak picture of AIDS, showing one in four people were infected in some parts of Africa. The projections were calculated from surveys showing H.I.V. infection rates that have been conducted within various countries. The researchers built statistical models that took into account from current infection rates the odds that a 15-year-old would acquire H.I.V. in his or her lifetime. In countries like South Africa and Zimbabwe, where at least a fifth of the adult population is H.I.V. infected, AIDS would eventually kill about half of all of those who are now 15 years old. In the new report, Unaids calculated for the first time the impact of AIDS on young people, the individuals who are most often infected by H.I.V., the AIDS virus. H.I.V., which has been spread primarily through heterosexual sex in Africa, is wiping out many households, decimating other families, destroying national economies and killing off so many teachers that it is undermining the delivery of basic education, Dr. Peter Piot, the head of Unaids, said in a telephone news conference from Geneva

Dr. Reemtsma attended schools in Oklahoma and Utah and graduated from Idaho State College in Pocatello in 1945. After earning a medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1949, Dr. Reemtsma began training at Columbia to become a surgeon. But in 1951 his career was interrupted by the Korean War; he served in the Navy and Marine Corps. According to Mrs. Reemtsma, Dr. Reemtsma was a model for the character Dr. Hawkeye Pierce in the movie and television series 'M*A*S*H.' In the 1960s, doctors knew that certain blood cells recognized transplanted organs as foreign and attacked them, but they did not know which cells were involved or how the process worked. Now, as the field of immunology has flowered, scientists have identified several cells that act in concert to reject foreign cells. Also, scientists have developed several drugs to suppress the immune system to prevent such rejection. Dr. Reemtsma lived to see his students achieve one- year survival rates of up to 90 percent for human kidney transplants and 85 percent for heart transplants

When Columbia recruited Dr. Reemtsma to be its chief surgeon in 1971, 'he had no desire to leave Utah,' Dr. [Willem Kolff] said. He made demands that 'he never expected Columbia would accept,' and Columbia accepted, Dr. Kolff said

The strategy involves testing the infected blood twice, using both a sensitive and less sensitive method. The body forms antibodies against HIV and other infectious agents, and such antibodies tend to be elevated in the blood during the first few months after infection. Thus, individuals infected recently are likely to react positive on a sensitive test but negative on a less sensitive test. The rise is deeply troubling because it was seen in San Francisco, one of the principal centers of the AIDS epidemic that was first detected in 1981. The rise could signal a new wave of infections there and elsewhere, San Francisco health officials said. San Francisco, New York City and Los Angeles were the three cities where AIDS was first recognized. An estimated 6,000 new infections with HIV, the AIDS virus, occurred in San Francisco at the peak of the epidemic there in 1982. [Ronald O. Valdiserri] said he did not 'want to be alarmist about a national resurgence' of HIV. But, he added, 'we have been trying to sound the alarm about the misperception that the AIDS epidemic is over and not an issue any more.'

The delay in introducing vaccines to the third world is ''a colossal public health failure'' that should not be repeated with AIDS, Dr. [Seth Berkley] said. He also said that with more than five million new H.I.V. infections occurring each year, a delay of five years in delivering an AIDS vaccine could cost 20 million or more lives. In 1985, Margaret Heckler, then Secretary of Health and Human Services, promised an AIDS vaccine within a year. In the intervening years, however, only 3 of 25 vaccines that have been injected into humans have advanced to the second stage of the three-stage testing system. Two are still in the second stage. One is known as an Alvac canary pox vaccine and is made by Aventis Pasteur of France. A second combines the Alvac vaccine and one prepared from a molecular component of the surface of H.I.V., known as gp120. An AIDS vaccine would be unlike most immunizations because it would be accompanied by counseling to promote safe sex practices and reduce risky behavior. Moreover, in the developed world, an unknown number of people might decline an AIDS vaccine out of concern that it might produce side effects that would not appear until years after the immunization. Also, some may shun an AIDS vaccine because it would make the standard H.I.V. blood test for a recipient positive. Additional tests would then be needed to document that the blood findings were from an AIDS vaccine, not from infection with the virus

DURBAN, South Africa -- A U.N.-sponsored study of AIDS infection among infants has dashed the hopes of scientists who thought they had found a simple way to prevent mothers from giving their infants the AIDS virus during breast-feeding. The results of the study, discussed during interviews here ahead of an international AIDS conference, confirmed earlier reports that a relatively simple drug regimen could stop many infected mothers from infecting their children during pregnancy and childbirth. But it also found that the protection did not last for as long as experts had hoped, and the therapy appears to leave children vulnerable to infection from breast milk

A U.N.-sponsored study of AIDS infection among infants has dashed the hopes of scientists who thought they had found a simple way to prevent mothers from giving their infants HIV during breast-feeding. Poverty limits the ability of women to buy formula and breast- milk substitutes. Widespread contamination of water supplies and poor sanitation make it dangerous to mix formula. Also, male domination leaves many women with little ability to choose an alternative to breast-feeding. And a woman who avoids breast-feeding her infant can be stigmatized as having AIDS. For about the last five years, doctors have been giving women in the United States and elsewhere infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, one of two treatments during pregnancy to prevent the spread of the disease to their unborn children. The infants were treated in the first few days after birth, and an earlier study showed significant reductions in AIDS infections in the first six weeks of life. The success had been hailed as one of the rare triumphs in the war against AIDS

South Africa is the nation with the largest number of people infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS--4.2 million. Its president, who has become embroiled in international controversy over the causes of the disease, pledged to intensify his response. But he dashed the hopes of thousands of participants--and noisy protesters-- who wanted to hear him state clearly that HIV causes AIDS