Faculty Bibliography

Mr. [John Edwards], in a plan released in September, promises to ''strengthen'' financing for such research. Mr. [Barack Obama], who put out parts of his plan at different times this year, said he would ''expand'' such financing. According to a paper outlining the [Hillary Rodham Clinton] plan, which her campaign provided, Mrs. Clinton supports giving young people ''age-appropriate information about H.I.V./AIDS and how to protect themselves against it.'' She also backs federal financing for needle exchange programs, as do Mr. Edwards and Mr. Obama. Mr. Edwards has said his strategy would include holding his administration's health and human services secretary ''accountable'' for issuing an annual H.I.V./AIDS report that shows progress on Mr. Edwards's goals. He also has said he would appoint a ''strong'' director of the White House Office of National AIDS Policy

Chlamydia and gonorrhea are the two most common diseases among those doctors must report in the United States. And the 1,030,911 cases of chlamydia in 2006 are the highest ever recorded for any nationally reported disease in any year, the officials said in releasing their annual report on sexually transmitted diseases. They said that because of underreporting, a more accurate estimate is 2.8 million new chlamydia cases annually. ''Chlamydia is now the most common S.T.D. ever reported,'' Dr. [John M. Douglas Jr.] said, but not by much. The next most common is gonorrhea, with just over one million cases reported each year from 1976 to 1980. The peak for gonorrhea was 1,013,00. Gonorrhea cases then declined steadily. African-Americans account for 69 percent of all gonorrhea in this country. ''The biggest increase in gonorrhea regionally has been in the South, and we do not have a ready explanation for that,'' Dr. Douglas said

The increased risk was principally among a group of people who had pre-existing levels of immunity to a common cold virus known as adenovirus type 5, which was modified to become a critical part of the vaccine. Researchers emphasized that the vaccine itself could not cause AIDS, but one theory is that the cold virus may have activated the immune system in some way to make certain recipients more susceptible to becoming HIV-infected when exposed to the AIDS virus. The vaccine was being tested among 3,000 volunteers at high risk of developing AIDS in nine countries, including those at immunization centers organized by the National Institutes of Health in the United States. Merck's was seen as one of the most promising experimental AIDS vaccines to have been tested on people. Many scientists and AIDS advocates have called the failure of the experimental vaccine a major setback

''The new analyses are both disappointing and puzzling'' because they offer no explanation for the vaccine's failure, said Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, a partner in the vaccine trial. The findings raise questions about whether adenovirus can ever be used as a crucial ingredient in an AIDS vaccine and whether new tacks will be needed. Use of a modified virus as a vector to deliver H.I.V. genes is a new and evolving way to make an AIDS vaccine. The Merck vaccine included three synthetic H.I.V. genes. ''We did a beautiful experiment, but it definitely was a disappointment,'' Dr. Larry Corey of the University of Washington, who led the investigators, said in an interview. ''One lesson is that scientists will have to look at vector-based immunity more thoroughly than we have in the past.''

The new reports create even more scientific confusion about how to develop a vaccine to stop the global HIV pandemic, which has infected an estimated 39 million people and killed 25 million more. The findings raise questions about whether adenovirus can ever be used as a crucial ingredient in an AIDS vaccine and whether new tacks will be needed. Use of a modified virus as a vector to deliver HIV genes is a new and evolving way to make an AIDS vaccine. The Merck vaccine included three synthetic HIV genes

The Journal of Biological Chemistry initially rejected Kornberg's two classic papers. He said the journal told him that a peer, the noted scientist Erwin Chargaff, had written 'an exceedingly sarcastic letter' in assessing his findings. In 1967, Kornberg and his team became the first to produce the active inner core of a virus in a laboratory. U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson hailed the report of the feat as 'one of the most important stories you ever read' because it 'opens a wide door to new discoveries in fighting disease and building healthier lives.' Over the past 15 years, Kornberg focused his research on an enzyme that produced polyphosphate, a substance found in every bacterial, plant and animal cell. Scientists had discarded it as a molecular fossil. But Kornberg and other scientists identified a number of significant functions for polyphosphate and believed it could be used to develop new drugs for a variety of dangerous infections

In 1959, Arthur Kornberg was awarded a Nobel Prize in medicine for the discovery of DNA polymerase, an enzyme needed to synthesize the master molecule of heredity.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry initially rejected Kornberg's two classic papers. He said the journal told him that a peer, the noted scientist Erwin Chargaff, had written 'an exceedingly sarcastic letter' in assessing his findings. In 1967, Kornberg and his team became the first to produce the active inner core of a virus in a laboratory. President Lyndon Johnson hailed the report of the feat as 'one of the most important stories you ever read' because it 'opens a wide door to new discoveries in fighting disease and building healthier lives.'

In 1967, Kornberg and his team became the first to produce the active inner core of a virus in a laboratory. President Lyndon Johnson hailed the report of the feat as 'one of the most important stories you ever read' because it 'opens a wide door to new discoveries in fighting disease and building healthier lives.'

The Journal of Biological Chemistry initially rejected Dr. Kornberg's two classic papers. He said the journal told him that a peer, the noted scientist Erwin Chargaff, had written ''an exceedingly sarcastic letter'' in assessing his findings. In 1967, Dr. Kornberg and his team became the first to produce the active inner core of a virus in a laboratory. President Lyndon B. Johnson hailed the report of the feat as ''one of the most important stories you ever read'' because it ''opens a wide door to new discoveries in fighting disease and building healthier lives.'' He complained bitterly, however, that too few scientists studied polyphosphate, largely, he said, because of science's proclivity to work ''in a clannish way.'' With more scientists struggling for grants in an era of tight budgets, he said, ''nobody is going to propose doing anything that is bold or creative,'' like working on polyphosphate