Faculty Bibliography

Richard J. Codey, the State Senate president and a Democrat like Mr. [Jon S. Corzine], stepped in as acting governor during the surgery, and is expected to remain in charge as long as Mr. Corzine is hospitalized. Governor Corzine was traveling, as he normally does, in a two-car caravan. Officials said the two troopers in the car following Mr. Corzine stopped to care for him rather than chase the red truck. A New Jersey state trooper at the scene of the crash on the Garden State Parkway in Galloway Township, where the governor was hurt when his car hit a guardrail. Two others in the car were also injured. (Photo by Colin Archer/Associated Press)(pg. B1); Jon S. Corzine (pg. B8)

Dr. [Anthony S. Fauci], who has directed the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases since 1984, marshaled scientific evidence to construct the United States' responses to these two global crises. The Lasker Foundation also cited Dr. Fauci for his role ''in explaining issues of great concern like the science behind emerging biological hazards'' to the public. Although dendritic cells comprise only 1 percent of mouse spleen cells, Dr. [Ralph M. Steinman] found that they were the most powerful cell in priming the immune system. The dendritic cell can adjust the body's defenses by stimulating different T immune cells. ''No one had anticipated that any cell could so efficiently goad T cells into action,'' said Dr. Joseph L. Goldstein, the chairman of the Lasker jury and a Nobel laureate from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas

The physician, Dr. Howard M. Snyder, injected morphine and other drugs, none specific for a heart attack or for Eisenhower's falling blood pressure and irregular pulse. Dr. Snyder, a general surgeon, let Eisenhower sleep until noon at [Mamie Eisenhower]'s family home in Denver where he was staying. Then he called a cardiologist to do an electrocardiogram. Later, the president went by car to a hospital. There, he was largely confined for almost seven weeks to bed, chair rest and limited physical activity. As the son of a radiologist whose office was in our home, I grew up seeing conventional X-rays displayed on my father's light boxes. When I went to London in 1973 to report on the first brain CT scanner, I was astonished to see how it could detect tumors, strokes and other disorders that never could be seen on X-rays. I recalled all the patients with neurological symptoms who had to undergo a special X-ray procedure known as a pneumoencephalogram. In it, a needle was inserted through the back to remove spinal fluid and to inject air to outline structures in the brain. The technique was painful and unable to detect the tiny lesions that are now seen on scans. Then consumerism in medicine grew, more women became doctors, mammography was used more widely along with other advances to detect breast cancer earlier and the government invested more in research on breast cancer. From these changes, doctors began to understand that the cancer was systemic and not confined to the breast. The studies documented that simpler and less disfiguring procedures, often combined with radiation and drugs, were safe treatments

The pneumococcal vaccine can prevent the pneumonia, meningitis and blood-system and other infections caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. These infections were long a major cause of illness and death among the elderly and the chronically ill throughout the world. Even healthy adults and infants suddenly died from them. After drug companies developed a vaccine that included 14 serotypes, Austrian proved its safety and effectiveness by supervising clinical trials among military trainees and gold miners in South Africa. They were at greater risk because they worked in crowded conditions. The vaccine was marketed in 1977, at a time when there were up to 750,000 cases of pneumococcal pneumonia in the United States each year

''Quite honestly, I didn't believe it,'' said Dr. [Steven E. Ross], who directs the level one, or most highly accredited, trauma center at the hospital. But he immediately alerted security guards and the public relations staff so they would ''keep people out of my hair'' and help him avoid ''the distractions'' that can interfere with the care of V.I.P.'s. ''All of us thought he would survive,'' Dr. [Robert F. Ostrum] said. He did not ''paint a bleak picture,'' he said, adding, ''but I wanted them to understand the severity of the injuries.'' ''It's counterproductive to tell somebody everything's going to be fine, and then when you do have problems, hear, 'Doctor, you told us everything was going to be fine,' '' Dr. Ross said. ''I would rather tell them about the realities and have everybody happy when things go well.''

There are about 450 laboratories in the world now that can detect drug-resistant tuberculosis, although many are not performing to capacity, Dr. Mario Raviglione, who directs the health agency's tuberculosis department in Geneva, said by telephone. Other countries may send teams to well-run laboratories elsewhere to learn how to determine the sensitivity and susceptibility of the bacteria isolated from each case to various drugs. Under the plan, all laboratories would perform 1.8 million cultures for tuberculosis in 2007 and 2.2 million in 2008, up from the estimated 200,000 in 2006. The laboratories would perform 750,000 drug-susceptibility tests in 2007 and 900,000 in 2008, up from 75,000 in 2005

That chilling forecast is based in part on analyses by the organization that show that, on average, a patient infected with drug-resistant tuberculosis in 2004 was resistant to more drugs than a similar patient with that diagnosis in 1994, Dr. Paul Nunn, a TB expert for the organization, said Tuesday. About 420,000, or 5 percent, of the estimated 8.8 million new cases of tuberculosis in the world are resistant to many standard anti-tuberculosis drugs, Dr. Mario Raviglione, who directs the WHO's tuberculosis department, said in an interview. 'It is possible that in some settings drug-resistant tuberculosis could completely replace standard tuberculosis,' Raviglione said

A case in point is the effort to encourage formula-feeding instead of breast-feeding to prevent transmission of the virus that causes AIDS from mother to infant. At the 14th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections here on Monday, scientists reported findings from a number of studies citing the dangers of formula-feeding in poor countries that challenged the current recommendations. The findings led participants to urge researchers to find safer ways for breast- feeding and using formula in the battle to stop the AIDS pandemic. Based on earlier studies, the World Health Organization has said that exclusive breast-feeding has a lower risk of transmitting HIV than breast-feeding combined with other fluids or foods

On Tuesday, the disease center and the National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver, where Speaker has been a patient in isolation since June 1, said he did not have XDR-TB. A series of new tests at both institutions shows that Speaker has multiple-drug-resistant TB, or MDR-TB. The condition is still dangerous, but more drug treatments are available. The test findings also raised questions about the accuracy of TB tests at the disease center, a national and reference laboratory for the disease. The center reported in May that its tests showed that Speaker had XDR-TB based on cultures from a bronchoscopy, a lung procedure, at a hospital in Atlanta. On Tuesday, the disease center and the Denver hospital said that as a matter of routine procedure they had performed new tests using three laboratory methods on TB bacteria isolated from Speaker on three occasions. Those new tests consistently showed MDR-TB

''The new analyses are both disappointing and puzzling'' because they offer no explanation for the vaccine's failure, said Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, a partner in the vaccine trial. The findings raise questions about whether adenovirus can ever be used as a crucial ingredient in an AIDS vaccine and whether new tacks will be needed. Use of a modified virus as a vector to deliver H.I.V. genes is a new and evolving way to make an AIDS vaccine. The Merck vaccine included three synthetic H.I.V. genes. ''We did a beautiful experiment, but it definitely was a disappointment,'' Dr. Larry Corey of the University of Washington, who led the investigators, said in an interview. ''One lesson is that scientists will have to look at vector-based immunity more thoroughly than we have in the past.''