Faculty Bibliography

''I've found it constructive to cloak one's power,'' Dr. Hogness wrote in a family biography, adding that ''nevertheless, when people push me, they find they don't get very far.'' ''The first big study we did was a determination of the actual cost of medical education,'' Dr. Hogness said. ''Nobody had ever done that.'' Grabbing a bullhorn, Dr. Hogness smiled and said, ''Thank you all for coming,'' easing the confrontation

The physician, Dr. Howard M. Snyder, injected morphine and other drugs, none specific for a heart attack or for Eisenhower's falling blood pressure and irregular pulse. Dr. Snyder, a general surgeon, let Eisenhower sleep until noon at [Mamie Eisenhower]'s family home in Denver where he was staying. Then he called a cardiologist to do an electrocardiogram. Later, the president went by car to a hospital. There, he was largely confined for almost seven weeks to bed, chair rest and limited physical activity. As the son of a radiologist whose office was in our home, I grew up seeing conventional X-rays displayed on my father's light boxes. When I went to London in 1973 to report on the first brain CT scanner, I was astonished to see how it could detect tumors, strokes and other disorders that never could be seen on X-rays. I recalled all the patients with neurological symptoms who had to undergo a special X-ray procedure known as a pneumoencephalogram. In it, a needle was inserted through the back to remove spinal fluid and to inject air to outline structures in the brain. The technique was painful and unable to detect the tiny lesions that are now seen on scans. Then consumerism in medicine grew, more women became doctors, mammography was used more widely along with other advances to detect breast cancer earlier and the government invested more in research on breast cancer. From these changes, doctors began to understand that the cancer was systemic and not confined to the breast. The studies documented that simpler and less disfiguring procedures, often combined with radiation and drugs, were safe treatments

An ultrasound revealed a deep venous thrombosis, a blood clot, in the lower portion of his left leg. He was treated with anticoagulant medication, which he will take for several months, and he returned to work. Although blood clots in the leg can be dangerous if left untreated, experts say most are successfully treated with the anticoagulant drugs that the White House says [Dick Cheney] is now receiving. In September 2005, Cheney underwent surgery to repair aneurysms, bulges in the arteries that can spawn dangerous blood clots, behind both knees. Doctors implanted devices known as stent-grafts in each of Cheney's legs. The blood clot that was discovered in Cheney's leg on Monday was in a vein, not an artery, and several independent experts said there was most likely no connection between it and the 2005 surgery. Dr. Cameron Akbari, a senior vascular surgeon at Washington Hospital Center in the District of Columbia, said Cheney's history of heart disease put him at only 'a very slightly increased risk' of developing a deep venous thrombosis

Yesterday Dr. [Robert Cooksey] did not directly address the question of what he would have done under the same circumstances. ''I wasn't in that situation,'' Dr. Cooksey said on the ABC program ''Good Morning America,'' ''but I probably would have done the very same thing.'' The Fulton County health officials said they ''preferred'' that Andrew Speaker not travel but did not cite a specific reason. Ted Speaker said that he asked a health official whether he was ''just saying this to cover yourself'' and that the official replied, ''Yes.'' Dr. [Julie L. Gerberding] also said that at several times ''he helped us facilitate communication with his son-in-law and the wife,'' Sarah. Dr. Cooksey's ''assistance was actually extremely helpful in getting us in cellphone'' contact with Andrew Speaker in Europe, Dr. Gerberding said, ''to help us determine how to help him get into a safer health care environment.''

There are about 450 laboratories in the world now that can detect drug-resistant tuberculosis, although many are not performing to capacity, Dr. Mario Raviglione, who directs the health agency's tuberculosis department in Geneva, said by telephone. Other countries may send teams to well-run laboratories elsewhere to learn how to determine the sensitivity and susceptibility of the bacteria isolated from each case to various drugs. Under the plan, all laboratories would perform 1.8 million cultures for tuberculosis in 2007 and 2.2 million in 2008, up from the estimated 200,000 in 2006. The laboratories would perform 750,000 drug-susceptibility tests in 2007 and 900,000 in 2008, up from 75,000 in 2005

The overwhelming majority of tuberculosis cases are caused by bacterial strains that yield to the standard, or first-line, anti-TB drugs. Newer, second-line drugs are used if a strain of tuberculosis is MDR or XDR, which are resistant to the first-line drugs. If tuberculosis strains are not tested for drug resistance as soon as they are found in a patient, the problem may be detected too late to permit a cure. ''But no laboratory test for any disease is 100 percent,'' said one member of the panel, Dr. Karin Weyer of the South African Medical Research Council. ''Labs often have problems and can and do make mistakes,'' Dr. Weyer said. The panel also recommended using molecular tests to detect rifampicin resistance as a proxy for MDR tuberculosis. Use of such tests could reliably determine XDR in less than two months, compared with the several months that are often needed now, Dr. Weyer said. Standard tests take weeks to complete because tuberculosis bacteria grow slowly

The overwhelming majority of tuberculosis cases are caused by bacterial strains that yield to the standard, or first-line, anti- TB drugs. Newer, second-line drugs are used if a strain of tuberculosis is MDR or XDR, which are resistant to the first-line drugs. If tuberculosis strains are not tested for drug resistance as soon as they are found in a patient, the problem may be detected too late to permit a cure. The panel also recommended using molecular tests to detect rifampicin resistance as a proxy for MDR tuberculosis. Use of such tests could reliably determine XDR in less than two months, compared with the several months that are often needed now, [Karin Weyer] said. Standard tests take weeks to complete because TB bacteria grow slowly. The panel emphasized that laboratory workers needed more experience in interpreting results of the tests. As new laboratories are created in the many countries where drug-resistant tuberculosis exists but testing facilities do not, technicians will need to learn how to do the testing. Refresher training is also needed even in the best laboratories because they are mainly in countries with a low incidence of resistant tuberculosis

''The new analyses are both disappointing and puzzling'' because they offer no explanation for the vaccine's failure, said Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, a partner in the vaccine trial. The findings raise questions about whether adenovirus can ever be used as a crucial ingredient in an AIDS vaccine and whether new tacks will be needed. Use of a modified virus as a vector to deliver H.I.V. genes is a new and evolving way to make an AIDS vaccine. The Merck vaccine included three synthetic H.I.V. genes. ''We did a beautiful experiment, but it definitely was a disappointment,'' Dr. Larry Corey of the University of Washington, who led the investigators, said in an interview. ''One lesson is that scientists will have to look at vector-based immunity more thoroughly than we have in the past.''

The new reports create even more scientific confusion about how to develop a vaccine to stop the global HIV pandemic, which has infected an estimated 39 million people and killed 25 million more. The findings raise questions about whether adenovirus can ever be used as a crucial ingredient in an AIDS vaccine and whether new tacks will be needed. Use of a modified virus as a vector to deliver HIV genes is a new and evolving way to make an AIDS vaccine. The Merck vaccine included three synthetic HIV genes

''It was not watered down in terms of its science,'' Ms. [Dana Perino] said. ''It wasn't watered down in terms of the concerns that climate change raises for public health.'' The testimony that remained said, ''Climate change is anticipated to have a broad range of impacts on the health of Americans and the nation's public health infrastructure.'' But a line saying ''the public health effects of climate change remain largely unaddressed'' was gone, and the testimony focused on the ways health agencies were already prepared to tackle any problems