Faculty Bibliography

Before the screening, Mr. [Bush] sent a letter to the House speaker, Nancy Pelosi, Democrat of California, and the president pro tem of the Senate, Senator Robert C. Byrd, Democrat of West Virginia, in which he invoked Section 3 of the 25th Amendment of the Constitution in transferring power to Mr. [Dick Cheney]. Afterward, he sent another letter declaring, ''I am presently able to resume the discharge of the constitutional powers and duties of the office of the president of the United States.'' Mr. [Scott M. Stanzel] said Mr. Bush was in ''good humor'' and planned to take a bicycle ride later in the day

Two sets of studies by Dr. Comstock in the 1940s and '50s had a critical impact on the federal government's response to tuberculosis. One set led public health officials to reject the tuberculosis vaccine known as BCG, which had been under consideration for routine use among American children. Dr. Comstock attributed the discrepancies among the trials to variations in different strains of the BCG vaccine and a lack of standard manufacturing techniques. Later, genetics studies documented that there was no uniformity among BCG vaccines, said Dr. Richard E. Chaisson, a tuberculosis researcher at Johns Hopkins. In the trial, Dr. Comstock and his family took INH themselves to convince the participants of his belief in the therapy's safety, Dr. Chaisson said. After the trial, Dr. Comstock returned and gave INH to those who had received the placebo

After Mr. Speaker arrived at National Jewish on May 31 following his widely publicized journey, his doctors were unanimous in recommending surgery in July. A major factor is that a review in 2004 of 15 years' experience in treating resistant tuberculosis at National Jewish found that ''the most important single variable we had associated with favorable outcome was resectional surgery.'' In discussions among the doctors, surgery was ''a gray zone call,'' Dr. [Michael D. Iseman] said in an interview. ''One day I could go argue for it, the next day against it,'' he said. In the best of circumstances, Mr. Speaker could go home to Atlanta as soon as in two to three weeks, Dr. Iseman said. But, he added, ''his situation is so public health delicate that he and we and the authorities in Georgia may wish to treat him here a little bit longer, just so we can assure everyone in the community that he does not have positive cultures.''

''I've found it constructive to cloak one's power,'' Dr. Hogness wrote in a family biography, adding that ''nevertheless, when people push me, they find they don't get very far.'' ''The first big study we did was a determination of the actual cost of medical education,'' Dr. Hogness said. ''Nobody had ever done that.'' Grabbing a bullhorn, Dr. Hogness smiled and said, ''Thank you all for coming,'' easing the confrontation

'If I sat next to a passenger with drug resistant tuberculosis, I would not be happy if I caught it, because I'd be getting a serious disease and need to take toxic drugs for two years and still face death,' [Mario Raviglione] said. 'They did the right thing.' While Speaker's case was unusual in many aspects, it followed the standard ways doctors detect and treat tuberculosis. Doctors detect TB largely through skin tests, X-rays and laboratory tests. After taking sputum and lung secretions from a suspect, doctors smear a portion of the specimen on a glass slide. They add chemical stains to help detect TB bacteria (often nicknamed red snappers) when they look through a microscope. [Frank Plummer], who also directs the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg, said the discordance between the two laboratories in this case 'doesn't make sense' and that he hoped a review would 'solve the mystery.'

''If I sat next to a passenger with drug resistant tuberculosis, I would not be happy if I caught it, because I'd be getting a serious disease and need to take toxic drugs for two years and still face death,'' Dr. [Mario C. Raviglione] said. In an e-mail message to other county officials in May, Dr. Steven Katkowsky, director of Fulton County Health Department in Atlanta, which oversaw Mr. Speaker's case, defended making the issue public. At the time, Dr. Katkowsky wrote that ''if we don't say anything as a pre-emptive strike, the questions of what did you know, when, and what did you do are bound to come up.'' Dr. [Frank Plummer], who also directs the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg, said that the discordance between the two laboratories in this case ''doesn't make sense'' and that he hoped ''a review will solve the mystery.''

On Tuesday, the disease center and the National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver, where Speaker has been a patient in isolation since June 1, said he did not have XDR-TB. A series of new tests at both institutions shows that Speaker has multiple-drug-resistant TB, or MDR-TB. The condition is still dangerous, but more drug treatments are available. The test findings also raised questions about the accuracy of TB tests at the disease center, a national and reference laboratory for the disease. The center reported in May that its tests showed that Speaker had XDR-TB based on cultures from a bronchoscopy, a lung procedure, at a hospital in Atlanta. On Tuesday, the disease center and the Denver hospital said that as a matter of routine procedure they had performed new tests using three laboratory methods on TB bacteria isolated from Speaker on three occasions. Those new tests consistently showed MDR-TB

''Any time there is a concern or a conflict with a test result, we will automatically review those results and see if there is a clear explanation for the difference,'' Dr. [Mitchell L. Cohen] said. Dr. Charles Daley, head of the infectious disease division at National Jewish, said: ''This discrepancy among results happens all the time in labs that do drug-resistance testing, including reference labs. It's a frustration we have to deal with.'' Now, he said, ''We are sure of our results.'' In discussing the discordant findings, Dr. Cohen said that scientists urgently needed improved laboratory techniques and that there were ''a variety of potential explanations.'' Among them are obtaining specimens in different ways or on different days and variations in the bacteria

The Zika virus, spread by mosquitoes, produces an itchy rash, pinkeye, joint pain and fever. Since its discovery 60 years ago in an ill monkey in the Zika forest in Uganda, it has caused rare cases and outbreaks in Africa and Southeast Asia. There is no specific treatment or vaccine. The illness in Yap resembled another mosquito-borne infection, dengue fever, which has occurred in Micronesia and can cause severe bone pain. But the Yap illness seemed to differ from typical dengue, producing more joint pains and conjunctivitis (pinkeye). Because a C.D.C. function is to detect and control diseases like Chikungunya if they enter the United States, Dr. [Edward B. Hayes]'s team asked for patients' blood samples and permission to send two epidemiologists and an entomologist to Yap

The survey's senior author, Dr. Martin A. Makary, a surgeon at Johns Hopkins, said in an interview that surgeons had made ''little progress in the last 20 years'' in preventing needle stick injuries. And hospitals, he said, ''are not doing what they should to care for their own providers, their families and patients.'' Such an experience among surgeons in training ''traumatizes their psyche on top of the stress of residency,'' Dr. Makary said. ''They do not know whether to tell their significant other,'' he said, ''and if they do report it to hospital officials, they worry about being stigmatized.''