Faculty Bibliography

The increased risk was principally among a group of people who had pre-existing levels of immunity to a common cold virus known as adenovirus type 5, which was modified to become a critical part of the vaccine. Researchers emphasized that the vaccine itself could not cause AIDS, but one theory is that the cold virus may have activated the immune system in some way to make certain recipients more susceptible to becoming HIV-infected when exposed to the AIDS virus. The vaccine was being tested among 3,000 volunteers at high risk of developing AIDS in nine countries, including those at immunization centers organized by the National Institutes of Health in the United States. Merck's was seen as one of the most promising experimental AIDS vaccines to have been tested on people. Many scientists and AIDS advocates have called the failure of the experimental vaccine a major setback

Chlamydia and gonorrhea are the two most common diseases among those doctors must report in the United States. And the 1,030,911 cases of chlamydia in 2006 are the highest ever recorded for any nationally reported disease in any year, the officials said in releasing their annual report on sexually transmitted diseases. They said that because of underreporting, a more accurate estimate is 2.8 million new chlamydia cases annually. ''Chlamydia is now the most common S.T.D. ever reported,'' Dr. [John M. Douglas Jr.] said, but not by much. The next most common is gonorrhea, with just over one million cases reported each year from 1976 to 1980. The peak for gonorrhea was 1,013,00. Gonorrhea cases then declined steadily. African-Americans account for 69 percent of all gonorrhea in this country. ''The biggest increase in gonorrhea regionally has been in the South, and we do not have a ready explanation for that,'' Dr. Douglas said

''It was not watered down in terms of its science,'' Ms. [Dana Perino] said. ''It wasn't watered down in terms of the concerns that climate change raises for public health.'' The testimony that remained said, ''Climate change is anticipated to have a broad range of impacts on the health of Americans and the nation's public health infrastructure.'' But a line saying ''the public health effects of climate change remain largely unaddressed'' was gone, and the testimony focused on the ways health agencies were already prepared to tackle any problems

The Journal of Biological Chemistry initially rejected Dr. Kornberg's two classic papers. He said the journal told him that a peer, the noted scientist Erwin Chargaff, had written ''an exceedingly sarcastic letter'' in assessing his findings. In 1967, Dr. Kornberg and his team became the first to produce the active inner core of a virus in a laboratory. President Lyndon B. Johnson hailed the report of the feat as ''one of the most important stories you ever read'' because it ''opens a wide door to new discoveries in fighting disease and building healthier lives.'' He complained bitterly, however, that too few scientists studied polyphosphate, largely, he said, because of science's proclivity to work ''in a clannish way.'' With more scientists struggling for grants in an era of tight budgets, he said, ''nobody is going to propose doing anything that is bold or creative,'' like working on polyphosphate

In 1959, Arthur Kornberg was awarded a Nobel Prize in medicine for the discovery of DNA polymerase, an enzyme needed to synthesize the master molecule of heredity.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry initially rejected Kornberg's two classic papers. He said the journal told him that a peer, the noted scientist Erwin Chargaff, had written 'an exceedingly sarcastic letter' in assessing his findings. In 1967, Kornberg and his team became the first to produce the active inner core of a virus in a laboratory. President Lyndon Johnson hailed the report of the feat as 'one of the most important stories you ever read' because it 'opens a wide door to new discoveries in fighting disease and building healthier lives.'

The most celebrated example of such discordant findings involved Andrew Speaker, the Atlanta lawyer who caused an international health scare after traveling to Europe in May with what was believed to be extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, known as XDR. This month, Speaker's doctors downgraded his type of tuberculosis to multidrug-resistant, or MDR, after repeating tests that initially gave a different result. The overwhelming majority of tuberculosis cases are caused by bacterial strains that yield to the standard, or first-line, anti- TB drugs. Newer, second-line drugs are used if a strain of tuberculosis is MDR or XDR, which are resistant to the first-line drugs. If tuberculosis strains are not tested for drug resistance as soon as they are found in a patient, the problem may be detected too late to permit a cure. Reliable tests to determine resistance to first-line drugs were developed when the drugs were first marketed about a half-century ago. Fewer resistance tests exist for the newer, second-line drugs needed to treat MDR and XDR tuberculosis, and many of them are difficult to perform

Richard J. Codey, the State Senate president and a Democrat like Mr. [Jon S. Corzine], stepped in as acting governor during the surgery, and is expected to remain in charge as long as Mr. Corzine is hospitalized. Governor Corzine was traveling, as he normally does, in a two-car caravan. Officials said the two troopers in the car following Mr. Corzine stopped to care for him rather than chase the red truck. A New Jersey state trooper at the scene of the crash on the Garden State Parkway in Galloway Township, where the governor was hurt when his car hit a guardrail. Two others in the car were also injured. (Photo by Colin Archer/Associated Press)(pg. B1); Jon S. Corzine (pg. B8)

When asked why the health organization could not move more quickly and catch up with Mr. Speaker before he took more flights, Dr. [Julie L. Gerberding] said in the press conference that much of the previous week's activity had been spent debating issues concerning the laws and regulations that govern isolation and quarantine in the United States and internationally. The World Health Organization regulations, she said, are ''wonderful statements of principles'' that do not provide ''operational details of things like who should pay to move a patient, or who should care for a patient.'' She said, ''I think a central question that we will be grappling with is, whose patient is it?'' Though their accounts differ, the county health authorities and Mr. Speaker agree that the officials did not try to forcibly restrict Mr. Speaker's movement. Dr. [Steven R. Katkowsky], the county official, said that the law presented ''kind of a Catch-22'' when it comes to restricting the activities of tuberculosis patients against their will. ''A patient has to be noncompliant before you can intervene,'' he said. ''There's no precedent for a court stepping in before a patient has proven himself to be non-compliant.'' It would have been an extraordinary step that, while not unheard of in tuberculosis cases, would evoke a centuries-old struggle to balance public health and individual liberty. The term ''quarantine'' comes from the Italian phrase ''quaranta giorni,'' or ''40 days,'' the amount of time Venetians isolated those coming into port in the plague years of the 14th century, said Robert Klitzman, a co-founder of the Columbia University Center for Bioethics and an associate professor of clinical psychiatry at the university's College of Physicians and Surgeons

An ultrasound revealed a deep venous thrombosis, a blood clot, in the lower part of his left leg. He was treated with anticoagulant medication, which he will take for several months, and he returned to work. Although blood clots in the leg can be dangerous if left untreated, experts say most are successfully treated with the anticoagulant drugs that the White House says Mr. [Dick Cheney] is now receiving. The blood clot that was discovered in Mr. Cheney's leg on Monday was in a vein, not an artery, and several independent experts said there was most likely no connection between it and the 2005 surgery. Dr. Cameron Akbari, a senior vascular surgeon at Washington Hospital Center in the District of Columbia, said Mr. Cheney's history of heart disease put him at only ''a very slightly increased risk'' of developing a deep venous thrombosis. Vice President Dick Cheney speaking to the Veterans of Foreign Wars yesterday. Mr. Cheney experienced discomfort in a leg after the speech. (Photo by Chris Kleponis/Bloomberg News)