Faculty Bibliography

Expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1), a molecule facilitating cholesterol efflux to HDL, is activated by liver X receptor (LXR). In this study, we investigated if inhibition of ERK1/2 can activate macrophage ABCG1 expression and functions. MEK1/2 inhibitors, PD98059 and U0126, increased ABCG1 mRNA and protein expression, and activated the natural ABCG1 promoter but not the promoter with the LXR responsive element (LXRE) deletion. Inhibition of ABCG1 expression by ABCG1 siRNA did enhance the formation of macrophage/foam cells and it attenuated the inhibitory effect of MEK1/2 inhibitors on foam cell formation. MEK1/2 inhibitors activated macrophage cholesterol efflux to HDL in vitro, and they enhanced reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in vivo. ApoE deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice receiving U0126 treatment had reduced sinus lesions in the aortic root which was associated with activated macrophage ABCG1 expression in the lesion areas. MEK1/2 inhibitors coordinated the RXR agonist, but not the LXR agonist, to induce ABCG1 expression. Furthermore, induction of ABCG1 expression by MEK1/2 inhibitors was associated with activation of SIRT1, a positive regulator of LXR activity, and inactivation of SULT2B1 and RIP140, two negative regulators of LXR activity. Taken together, our study suggests that MEK1/2 inhibitors activate macrophage ABCG1 expression/RCT, and inhibit foam cell formation and lesion development by multiple mechanisms, supporting the concept that ERK1/2 inhibition is anti-atherogenic.

Nogo-B receptor (NgBR), a type I single transmembrane domain receptor is the specific receptor for Nogo-B. Our previous work demonstrated that NgBR is highly expressed in breast cancer cells, where it promotes epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), an important step in metastasis. Here, we show that both in vitro and in vivo increased expression of NgBR contributes to the increased chemoresistance of Bel7402/5FU cells, a stable 5-FU (5-Fluorouracil) resistant cell line related Bel7402 cells. NgBR knockdown abrogates S-phase arrest in Bel7402/5FU cells, which correlates with a reduction in G1/S phase checkpoint proteins p53 and p21. In addition, NgBR suppresses p53 protein levels through activation of the PI3K/Akt/MDM2 pathway, which promotes p53 degradation via the ubiquitin proteasome pathway and thus increases the resistance of human hepatocellular cancer cells to 5-FU. Furthermore, we found that NgBR expression is associated with a poor prognosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. These results suggest that targeting NgBR in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs, such as 5-FU, could improve the efficacy of current anticancer treatments.

Nogo-B receptor (NgBR) was identified as a receptor specific for Nogo-B. Our previous work has shown that Nogo-B and its receptor (NgBR) are essential for chemotaxis and morphogenesis of endothelial cells in vitro and intersomitic vessel formation via Akt pathway in zebrafish. Here, we further demonstrated the roles of NgBR in regulating vasculature development in mouse embryo and primitive blood vessel formation in embryoid body culture systems, respectively. Our results showed that NgBR homozygous knockout mice are embryonically lethal at E7.5 or earlier, and Tie2Cre-mediated endothelial cell-specific NgBR knockout (NgBR ecKO) mice die at E11.5 and have severe blood vessel assembly defects in embryo. In addition, mutant embryos exhibit dilation of cerebral blood vessel, resulting in thin-walled endothelial caverns. The similar vascular defects also were detected in Cdh5(PAC)-CreERT2 NgBR inducible ecKO mice. Murine NgBR gene-targeting embryonic stem cells (ESC) were generated by homologous recombination approaches. Homozygous knockout of NgBR in ESC results in cell apoptosis. Heterozygous knockout of NgBR does not affect ESC cell survival, but reduces the formation and branching of primitive blood vessels in embryoid body culture systems. Mechanistically, NgBR knockdown not only decreases both Nogo-B and VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell migration by abolishing Akt phosphorylation, but also decreases the expression of CCM1 and CCM2 proteins. Furthermore, we performed immunofluorescence (IF) staining of NgBR in human cerebral cavernous malformation patient tissue sections. The quantitative analysis results showed that NgBR expression levels in CD31 positive endothelial cells is significantly decreased in patient tissue sections. These results suggest that NgBR may be one of important genes coordinating the cerebral vasculature development.

NgBR is a type I receptor with a single transmembrane domain and was identified as a specific receptor for Nogo-B. Our recent findings demonstrated that NgBR binds farnesylated Ras and recruits Ras to the plasma membrane, which is a critical step required for the activation of Ras signaling in human breast cancer cells and tumorigenesis. Here, we first use immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR approaches to examine the expression patterns of Nogo-B and NgBR in both normal and breast tumor tissues. Then, we examine the relationship between NgBR expression and molecular subtypes of breast cancer, and the roles of NgBR in estrogen-dependent survivin signaling pathway. Results showed that NgBR and Nogo-B protein were detected in both normal and breast tumor tissues. However, the expression of Nogo-B and NgBR in breast tumor tissue was much stronger than in normal breast tissue. The statistical analysis demonstrated that NgBR is highly associated with ER-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer. We also found that the expression of NgBR has a strong correlation with the expression of survivin, which is a well-known apoptosis inhibitor. The correlation between NgBR and survivin gene expression was further confirmed by real-time PCR. In vitro results also demonstrated that estradiol induces the expression of survivin in ER-positive T47D breast tumor cells but not in ER-negative MDA-MB-468 breast tumor cells. NgBR knockdown with siRNA abolishes estradiol-induced survivin expression in ER-positive T47D cells but not in ER-negative MDA-MB-468 cells. In addition, estradiol increases the expression of survivin and cell growth in ER-positive MCF-7 and T47D cells whereas knockdown of NgBR with siRNA reduces estradiol-induced survivin expression and cell growth. In summary, these results indicate that NgBR is a new molecular marker for breast cancer. The data suggest that the expression of NgBR may be essential in promoting ER-positive tumor cell proliferation via survivin induction in breast cancer.

Understanding how extracellular growth factors activate intracellular pathways that promote angiogenesis is a broad area of research. In this chapter, we outline the systematic dissection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and other downstream targets that are relevant to the angiogenic response. These approaches may also be applied to most other angiogenic-factor signaling cascades.