Faculty Bibliography

BACKGROUND:Alcohol use and abuse constitute a major public health problem and identifying their determinants is a priority. Social network analysis can indicate how characteristics of social networks are related to individual health behaviors. A growing number of studies have used social network analysis to examine how social network characteristics influence adult alcohol consumption, but this literature has never been systematically reviewed and summarized. The current paper systematically reviews empirical studies that used social network analysis to assess the influence of social network characteristics on drinking behaviors in adults. METHODS:A literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases and a review of the reference lists of retrieved articles was conducted in March 2019. Two reviewers independently screened 5,510 non-duplicate records, and further screened the full text of 150 articles to determine their eligibility for inclusion. Seventeen articles were judged eligible and included. RESULTS:Most studies were conducted among young adults (mean age<30), in university settings or follow up visits with adolescent networks moving into adulthood. The objectives and methods of the included studies were heterogeneous. All included studies reported a statistically significant association between a social network characteristic and an alcohol consumption-related outcome. Social network members drinking behaviors were associated with participants' drinking behaviors in multiple ways. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS:In young adults, among whom the majority of identified studies were conducted, with whom they socialize and how they socialize appears to be associated with alcohol consumption; this was observed across methodologies and settings. We still know very little about the relationship of social networks to drinking in older age groups, and in populations most impacted by alcohol. As social networks appear to play a role in the consumption of alcohol in young adulthood, interventions that utilize social networks to help reduce harmful alcohol consumption should be considered.

BACKGROUND:A variety of physical interventions have been used to improve reactive balance in older adults. PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:To summarize the effectiveness of active treatment approaches to improve reactive postural responses in community-dwelling older adults. DESIGN/METHODS:Systematic Review, guided by PRISMA guidelines. STUDY SELECTION/METHODS:A literature search included databases of PubMed, OVID, CINAHL, Clinicaltrials.gov, OTseeker, and PEDro up to December 2017. RCTs that evaluated quantitative measures of reactive postural responses in healthy adults following participation in an active physical training program were included. DATA SYNTHESIS/RESULTS:Of 4,481 studies initially identified, 11 RCTs covering 313 participants were selected for analysis. Study designs were heterogeneous, preventing a quantitative analysis. Nine of the eleven studies reported improvements in reactive postural responses. CONCLUSIONS:Several clinically-feasible training methods have the potential to improve reactive postural responses in older adults; however, conclusions surrounding efficacy of treatment methods are limited due to numerous methodological issues and heterogeneity in outcomes and intervention procedures.

The transtheoretical model and the stages of change are often used to adapt treatment to the individual client. The aims of this study were to review the stages of change and popular measures of change readiness in psychotherapy and to conduct a meta-analysis of the relation between readiness measures and psychotherapy outcomes. We report data from 76 studies, encompassing 25,917 patients. Moderate-sized effects (d = 0.41) were found for the association among multiple disorders, including substance and alcohol use, eating disorders, and mood disorders. Outcomes were a function of the pretreatment stage of change; that is, the farther a patient along the stages, the better the treatment outcomes. This review added 37 studies to the data reported in 2010, further strengthening the link between readiness and therapy outcomes. The article concludes with limitations of the research, diversity considerations, and therapeutic practices for stage matching in psychotherapy specifically and behavioral health more generally.

High sugar intake may increase cancer risk by promoting insulin-glucose dysregulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and body adiposity, but epidemiologic evidence is unclear. Associations between dietary sugars and lifestyle-related cancer risk from longitudinal studies were evaluated. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL and identified 37 prospective cohort studies (1990-2017) reporting multivariable adjusted risk estimates for dietary sugars in relation to cancer. Of 15 and 14 studies on total sugar and sucrose respectively, 11 reported a null association in relation to cancer. Of 14 studies on fructose, 8 reported null associations, and 2 reported protective and 4 reported detrimental associations. In two of five studies on added sugars, a 60-95% increased cancer risk was observed with higher intakes. In 8 of 15 studies, a 23% to 200% higher cancer risk was observed with higher sugary beverage consumption. In conclusion, most studies were indicative of a null association, but suggestive detrimental associations were reported for added sugars and sugary beverages. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition Volume 38 is August 21, 2018. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Introduction Hypothermia can blunt brainstem reflexes and impair the elimination of sedatives and analgesics. As a result, it can be challenging to perform a brain death (BD) evaluation after treatment with therapeutic hypothermia. We sought to review the literature to determine when it is appropriate to do a BD evaluation after therapeutic hypothermia. Methods We reviewed Cochrane, Embase and Medline for documents published between 1/1/92 and 7/15/17 that addressed BD determination after use of therapeutic hypothermia. Results We identified 24 documents, all of which were published between 2008 and 2017. Two case studies on patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia who had findings consistent with BD, but subsequently demonstrated return of some brainstem activity, have garnered much attention in the literature: 1) A 10-month-old boy was cooled to 32-33degreeC and sedated for 24 hours then declared BD 10 hours after being rewarmed and 6 hours after discontinuation of sedation, but subsequently began breathing again; 2) A 55-year-old man was cooled to 33degreeC and sedated for 36 hours, then was declared BD 22 hours after being rewarmed and 28 hours after being taken off sedation, but later was found to breathe spontaneously and have corneal and cough reflexes. While the literature consistently questions when it is appropriate to conduct a BD evaluation after hypothermia, there is no answer based on high level evidence. Because it can be challenging to determine when a condition is irreversible after hypothermia, it has been noted that it can be helpful to augment a clinical evaluation for BD determination with ancillary testing to assess for cerebral blood flow. Conclusions There is a need for clear guidelines and expert consensus on timing of the clinical exam for BD determination and both the role for, and modality of, ancillary testing after therapeutic hypothermia

Introduction Brain death is accepted as medically and legally equivalent to cardiopulmonary death throughout much of the world. However, families sometimes make "requests for accommodation" based on refusal to accept an established brain death declaration or desire to avert an examination for determination of brain death. We sought to evaluate the medical literature to identify the demographics and management of these requests. Methods We performed a comprehensive literature review of Cochrane, Embase and Medline for documents published between 1/1/92 and 7/15/17 that addressed requests for accommodation. Results We identified 19 documents for inclusion. In addition to the large number of requests (~1,000) described in two surveys of practitioners in the USA, we found 28 distinct requests for accommodation for persons of all ages (range: infancy to 87-years-old), nine of whom were children. Nearly every (25/28) request was made in the past 15 years. With the exception of one case from the United Kingdom, every request for accommodation was made in the USA. Requests for accommodation were made for a variety of reasons including belief that neurologic recovery could occur, desire to await arrival of additional family members prior to discontinuation of support, lack of conceptual acceptance of death with a beating heart and religious beliefs. Management of requests varied from continuation of support until cardiopulmonary arrest, withdrawal of organ support with a family's authorization, withdrawal of organ support against a family's wishes, transfer to another hospital or country or discharge home for continuation of organ support. In some cases, healthcare teams acted independently, but in others, they relied on recommendations from an ethics team or instructions from a court. Conclusions Requests for accommodation are increasing. This trend is particularly evident in the USA. Although the rationales for requests vary, uniform management guidelines are needed

OBJECTIVE:While many librarians have been asked to participate in systematic reviews with researchers, often these researchers are not familiar with the systematic review process or the appropriate role for librarians. The purpose of this study was to identify the challenges and barriers that librarians face when collaborating on systematic reviews. To take a wider view of the whole process of collaborating on systematic reviews, the authors deliberately focused on interpersonal and methodological issues other than searching itself. METHODS:To characterize the biggest challenges that librarians face while collaborating on systematic review projects, we used a web-based survey. The thirteen-item survey included seventeen challenges grouped into two categories: methodological and interpersonal. Participants were required to indicate the frequency and difficulty of the challenges listed. Open-ended questions allowed survey participants to describe challenges not listed in the survey and to describe strategies used to overcome challenges. RESULTS:Of the 17 challenges listed in the survey, 8 were reported as common by over 40% of respondents. These included methodological issues around having too broad or narrow research questions, lacking eligibility criteria, having unclear research questions, and not following established methods. The remaining challenges were interpersonal, including issues around student-led projects and the size of the research team. Of the top 8 most frequent challenges, 5 were also ranked as most difficult to handle. Open-ended responses underscored many of the challenges included in the survey and revealed several additional challenges. CONCLUSIONS:These results suggest that the most frequent and challenging issues relate to development of the research question and general communication with team members. Clear protocols for collaboration on systematic reviews, as well as a culture of mentorship, can help librarians prevent and address these challenges.

Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic accuracies of nonenhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR arthrography for diagnosis of superior labrum anterior-to-posterior (SLAP) tears by using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed on the two main concepts of MR imaging (MR imaging, and direct and indirect MR arthrography) and SLAP tears. Inclusion criteria consisted of original studies that assessed the diagnostic accuracy of MR imaging, direct MR arthrography, and/or indirect MR arthrography for the detection of SLAP tears, by using surgical findings as the reference standard. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2, or QUADAS-2 Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 , tool was used to assess methodologic quality. Meta-analyses were performed that compared MR imaging studies to direct MR arthrography studies and indirect MR arthrography studies, 3-T studies to 1.5-T studies, and low-bias MR imaging studies to low-bias direct MR arthrography studies. Study variation was analyzed by using the Cochran Q test of heterogeneity and the I2 statistic. Results Thirty-two studies met inclusion and exclusion criteria, including 3524 imaging examinations: 1963 direct MR arthrography examinations (23 studies), 1402 MR examinations (14 studies), and 159 indirect MR arthrography examinations (three studies). Twelve studies had low risk for bias, two had questionable risk, and 18 had high risk. Mean sensitivities of direct MR arthrography, MR imaging, and indirect MR arthrography for SLAP tear diagnosis were 80.4%, 63.0%, and 74.2%, respectively. Mean specificities of direct MR arthrography, MR imaging, and indirect MR arthrography were 90.7%, 87.2%, and 66.5%, respectively. Summary receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve demonstrated superior accuracy of direct MR arthrography compared with those of MR imaging and indirect MR arthrography. Similar findings were observed in the low-bias subanalysis. Summary ROC curve demonstrated overall superiority of 3-T imaging, with or without intra-articular contrast material compared with 1.5-T imaging, with or without intra-articular contrast material. Significant variance was observed for MR imaging and direct MR arthrography (P < .001) studies for both mean sensitivity and specificity. Conclusion Direct MR arthrography appears to be more accurate than nonenhanced MR imaging for diagnosis of SLAP tears, whereas 3-T MR imaging with or without intra-articular contrast material appears to improve diagnostic accuracy compared with 1.5-T MR imaging with or without intra-articular contrast material. (c) RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.