Faculty Bibliography

The trials in Africa and India involved a chemical, cellulose sulfate or Ushercell, and were the second failure of a potential microbicide in a full-scale trial in recent years. In one of the latest trials, a standard check by an independent scientific committee found an increased risk of HIV infection among women who used cellulose sulfate compared with those who used a placebo gel. An ideal microbicide would work in three ways. First, it would kill HIV in the vagina and cervix. Second, the microbicide would prevent any virus that escaped from attaching to a woman's cells, which is the way HIV starts to infect. Third, for any virus that did enter cells, the microbicide would block an enzyme that HIV needs to replicate

The combination - taking one inexpensive antibiotic pill each day and sleeping under an insecticide-treated mosquito net - reduced the incidence of malaria by 97 percent compared with a control group, Dr. Anne Gasasira, an AIDS researcher at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda, said Wednesday at a medical conference in Los Angeles. She said the findings had already changed medical practice in Uganda. But scientists said they had not yet determined whether the treatment would be as effective in HIV-negative children with malaria

An ultrasound revealed a deep venous thrombosis, a blood clot, in the lower part of his left leg. He was treated with anticoagulant medication, which he will take for several months, and he returned to work. Although blood clots in the leg can be dangerous if left untreated, experts say most are successfully treated with the anticoagulant drugs that the White House says Mr. [Dick Cheney] is now receiving. The blood clot that was discovered in Mr. Cheney's leg on Monday was in a vein, not an artery, and several independent experts said there was most likely no connection between it and the 2005 surgery. Dr. Cameron Akbari, a senior vascular surgeon at Washington Hospital Center in the District of Columbia, said Mr. Cheney's history of heart disease put him at only ''a very slightly increased risk'' of developing a deep venous thrombosis. Vice President Dick Cheney speaking to the Veterans of Foreign Wars yesterday. Mr. Cheney experienced discomfort in a leg after the speech. (Photo by Chris Kleponis/Bloomberg News)

There are about 450 laboratories in the world now that can detect drug-resistant tuberculosis, although many are not performing to capacity, Dr. Mario Raviglione, who directs the health agency's tuberculosis department in Geneva, said by telephone. Other countries may send teams to well-run laboratories elsewhere to learn how to determine the sensitivity and susceptibility of the bacteria isolated from each case to various drugs. Under the plan, all laboratories would perform 1.8 million cultures for tuberculosis in 2007 and 2.2 million in 2008, up from the estimated 200,000 in 2006. The laboratories would perform 750,000 drug-susceptibility tests in 2007 and 900,000 in 2008, up from 75,000 in 2005

Before the screening, Mr. [Bush] sent a letter to the House speaker, Nancy Pelosi, Democrat of California, and the president pro tem of the Senate, Senator Robert C. Byrd, Democrat of West Virginia, in which he invoked Section 3 of the 25th Amendment of the Constitution in transferring power to Mr. [Dick Cheney]. Afterward, he sent another letter declaring, ''I am presently able to resume the discharge of the constitutional powers and duties of the office of the president of the United States.'' Mr. [Scott M. Stanzel] said Mr. Bush was in ''good humor'' and planned to take a bicycle ride later in the day

The authorities said that the link was ''preliminary'' and that it had not determined precisely how the patients became infected. But investigators found that the risk of developing the infection was at least seven times greater for those people who used the AMO product than for those who did not. The company said, ''There is no evidence to suggest that the voluntary recall is related to a product contamination issue and this does not impact any of AMO's other contact lens care products.'' Acanthamoeba infection usually develops slowly and can be difficult to diagnose and treat. Doctors often attribute Acanthamoeba infections at first to a virus, herpes simplex, that is treatable. But the drugs for herpes do not help Acanthamoeba patients. Doctors advise treating the infection as early as possible

Dr. [Robert Austrian] was unconvinced by the prevailing medical wisdom. Through his work as a clinician, epidemiologist and microbiologist, he showed that pneumococcal pneumonia remained a killer. Two vaccines based on Dr. Austrian's work were licensed in 1977 and 1983. Robert Austrian was born in Baltimore on April 12, 1916, the son of Charles Robert Austrian, an infectious diseases expert at Johns Hopkins University, and the former Florence Hochschild. He earned his college and medical degrees from Johns Hopkins, where he also trained as a specialist in internal medicine. After drug companies developed a vaccine that included 14 serotypes, Dr. Austrian proved its safety and effectiveness by supervising clinical trials among military trainees and gold miners in South Africa. They were at greater risk because they worked in crowded conditions. The vaccine was marketed in 1977, at a time when there were up to 750,000 cases of pneumococcal pneumonia in the United States each year

''Calling in Dr. [Michael E. DeBakey] was very important, a signal that he was in very serious condition, and consulting with a world leader in surgery this way was almost unthinkable in the Soviet period,'' said Marshall I. Goldman, a Russian expert and senior scholar at Harvard. ''It was a measure of Dr. DeBakey's stature in Russia.'' As a patient, Mr. [Boris N. Yeltsin] ''was not as bossy with me as he was with some of his Russian doctors,'' Dr. DeBakey said, adding: ''He didn't get along with some of the doctors there. But he took a liking to me, listened, and that made things much better.'' My requests for interviews with Mr. Yeltsin were always denied, so I was never able to ask him about Dr. DeBakey. But in a foreword to the Russian edition of Dr. DeBakey's book ''The New Living Heart'' (Adams, 1997), written with Antonio Gotto Jr., Mr. Yeltsin described Dr. DeBakey as ''a magician of the heart'' and ''a man with a gift for performing miracles.''

''I've found it constructive to cloak one's power,'' Dr. Hogness wrote in a family biography, adding that ''nevertheless, when people push me, they find they don't get very far.'' ''The first big study we did was a determination of the actual cost of medical education,'' Dr. Hogness said. ''Nobody had ever done that.'' Grabbing a bullhorn, Dr. Hogness smiled and said, ''Thank you all for coming,'' easing the confrontation

Yesterday Dr. [Robert Cooksey] did not directly address the question of what he would have done under the same circumstances. ''I wasn't in that situation,'' Dr. Cooksey said on the ABC program ''Good Morning America,'' ''but I probably would have done the very same thing.'' The Fulton County health officials said they ''preferred'' that Andrew Speaker not travel but did not cite a specific reason. Ted Speaker said that he asked a health official whether he was ''just saying this to cover yourself'' and that the official replied, ''Yes.'' Dr. [Julie L. Gerberding] also said that at several times ''he helped us facilitate communication with his son-in-law and the wife,'' Sarah. Dr. Cooksey's ''assistance was actually extremely helpful in getting us in cellphone'' contact with Andrew Speaker in Europe, Dr. Gerberding said, ''to help us determine how to help him get into a safer health care environment.''