Faculty Bibliography

''You're getting pretty old!'' she said, after praising his long service to the country. ''And it's such a hard job!'' Sometimes he can come across on television as subdued, or old-looking, analysts said. Frank Luntz, a Republican strategist who once worked for [Rudolph W. Giuliani], a [John McCain] rival for the nomination, has conducted Fox News focus groups gauging people's reactions to the debates. Some people in his groups used words like ''tired'' and ''old'' to describe Mr. McCain, Mr. Luntz said. So, faced with rivals who are younger, but also have put in far less time in elected office, Mr. McCain tries to make a virtue of his age. ''I'm not the youngest candidate,'' he said in his campaign-kickoff speech. ''But I am the most experienced.''

''Quite honestly, I didn't believe it,'' said Dr. [Steven E. Ross], who directs the level one, or most highly accredited, trauma center at the hospital. But he immediately alerted security guards and the public relations staff so they would ''keep people out of my hair'' and help him avoid ''the distractions'' that can interfere with the care of V.I.P.'s. ''All of us thought he would survive,'' Dr. [Robert F. Ostrum] said. He did not ''paint a bleak picture,'' he said, adding, ''but I wanted them to understand the severity of the injuries.'' ''It's counterproductive to tell somebody everything's going to be fine, and then when you do have problems, hear, 'Doctor, you told us everything was going to be fine,' '' Dr. Ross said. ''I would rather tell them about the realities and have everybody happy when things go well.''

At that point, [Robert Cooksey] said on television, Andrew's smear tests showed no tuberculosis bacteria 'and so, by the guidelines, he was not considered infectious' to others. But guidelines issued by the World Health Organization say that 'patients with multiple drug resistant tuberculosis should not travel until' no tuberculosis bacteria grow on culture tests performed in a laboratory. The Fulton County health officials said they 'preferred' that Andrew Speaker not travel but did not cite a specific reason. Ted Speaker said he asked a health official whether he was 'just saying this to cover yourself' and that the official replied, 'Yes.' [Julie Gerberding] also said that several times 'he helped us facilitate communication with his son-in-law and the wife,' Sarah. Cooksey's 'assistance was actually extremely helpful' in getting the CDC in cellphone contact with Andrew Speaker in Europe, Gerberding said, 'to help us determine how to help him get into a safer health care environment.'

''I would recommend taking medication,'' Dr. [Gregory L. Barkley] said. ''The intervals tend to get shorter and shorter, and people tend to have recurrent seizures.'' ''That said,'' he went on, ''the reason one doesn't immediately put everybody on the medications when they have seizures is that there are side effects to all the medications.'' ''Fifteen percent will have some problem with the first drug that will lead to discontinuation and a different drug,'' Dr. [Hauser] added. ''Virtually everybody will have some side effects.''

The combination - taking one inexpensive antibiotic pill each day and sleeping under an insecticide-treated mosquito net - reduced the incidence of malaria by 97 percent compared with a control group, Dr. Anne Gasasira, an AIDS researcher at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda, said Wednesday at a medical conference in Los Angeles. She said the findings had already changed medical practice in Uganda

The White House did not disclose the diagnosis last August because Lyme disease had not interfered with Mr. [Bush]'s duties, as when he temporarily turned over the powers of the presidency to Vice President Dick Cheney when he had a colonoscopy in July. Mr. Bush's doctors described him as ''fit for duty,'' a standard military phrase. The findings are consistent with viral illnesses that can be followed by periods of unsteadiness for several weeks, said Dr. Michael G. Stewart, the chief of ear, nose and throat medicine at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell hospital. Untreated Lyme disease can lead to nerve damage, often involving the eighth cranial nerve, the same one affected by vestibular neuronitis. But Mr. Bush's doctors said they did not believe the Lyme infection was linked to his vestibular neuronitis because the skin lesion had not recurred. Mr. Bush weighed 192 pounds, 4 pounds less than last year, a change he attributed to ''less birthday cake.''

'I would recommend taking medication,' [Gregory L. Barkley] said. 'The intervals tend to get shorter and shorter, and people tend to have recurrent seizures.' He explained: 'The brain learns from practice. The more you practice, the better you get, whether you're playing the piano or having seizures. The more you have, the more you're going to have. Most neurologists feel that the best way to intervene is to get the seizures under control as quickly as possible.' Dr. Robert S. Fisher, director of Stanford University's epilepsy center and a past president of the American Epilepsy Society, said: 'In my view, it would be reasonable not to treat. It sounds like he went 14 years between seizures, and that's a lot of pills to take to prevent the next seizure 14 years from now. The new ones are better than the old ones in terms of side effects, but they all have potential side effects and risks.'

Despite his quick recovery from the seizure he suffered Monday, Chief Justice John Roberts faces a complex diagnosis and a difficult decision. Because the seizure was his second -- he had a similar one in 1993 -- he meets the criteria for epilepsy, and he and his doctors will have to decide whether he should take medication to prevent further seizures, according to neurologists not involved in his care. Neither the chief justice nor his doctors would comment Tuesday

Two sets of studies by Dr. Comstock in the 1940s and '50s had a critical impact on the federal government's response to tuberculosis. One set led public health officials to reject the tuberculosis vaccine known as BCG, which had been under consideration for routine use among American children. Dr. Comstock attributed the discrepancies among the trials to variations in different strains of the BCG vaccine and a lack of standard manufacturing techniques. Later, genetics studies documented that there was no uniformity among BCG vaccines, said Richard E. Chaisson, a tuberculosis researcher at Johns Hopkins. In the trial, Dr. Comstock and his family took INH themselves to convince the participants of his belief in the therapy's safety, Mr. Chaisson said. After the trial, Dr. Comstock returned and gave INH to those who had received the placebo

The trials, in Africa and India, involved a chemical, cellulose sulfate or Ushercell, and were the second failure of a potential microbicide in a full-scale trial in recent years. In one of the latest trials, a standard check by an independent scientific committee found an increased risk of H.I.V. infection among women who used cellulose sulfate compared with those who used a placebo gel. An ideal microbicide would work in three ways. First, it would kill H.I.V. in the vagina and cervix. Second, the microbicide would prevent any virus that escaped from attaching to a woman's cells, the way the virus starts to infect. Third, for any virus that did enter cells, the microbicide would block an enzyme, reverse transcriptase, that the virus needs to replicate. The new findings were surprising, researchers said, because 11 smaller trials of more than 500 women conducted since 1999 showed that cellulose sulfate was safe. The chemical, which was developed as Ushercell by Polydex Pharmaceuticals in Toronto, was active against H.I.V. in laboratory tests