Faculty Bibliography

Both men were hospitalized after complaining of pain. Governor [George E. Pataki] had his appendix removed on Feb. 16, developed intestinal complications, and was transferred to another hospital for more surgery. Governor Fletcher had a gallstone removed, then his gall bladder, and later developed an infection in his abdomen and bloodstream. David M. Catalfamo, the communications director for Governor Pataki, said the administration has been trying to strike the right balance between informing the public of important developments about the governor's health while preserving some of his privacy. He said that the written statements his office has issued over the last few days have updated the public on the salient points about the governor's health. But some other doctors not connected with the case have said that the statements were sparse in detail. Since then, the administration has relied on the written statements to discuss his condition. But the absence of specific detail led many news outlets to call doctors who are not involved in Governor Pataki's care and invite them to speculate about the causes of his intestinal complications. After The Daily News quoted a doctor who raised the possibility that the governor's digestive system had been blocked by surgical error, Mr. Catalfamo issued a statement which said that the blockage ''was not a result of surgical error.''

Since AIDS first made headlines 25 years ago, it killed 25 million people worldwide and infect 40 million more in one of the worst epidemics in history. Altman relates that in 1985 he was greeted with skepticism about AIDS in Africa, even though the disease had begun to take a devastating toll there. Here, he details the outbreak of AIDS and why many people, including doctors, did not recognize an epidemic in the making and take steps to try to contain it

The World Health Organization said it had developed 20 standards for improving reporting on the testing of drugs and devices on people and urged researchers and companies to use them in all human..

As the son of a radiologist whose office was in our home, I grew up seeing conventional X-rays displayed on my father's light boxes. When I went to London in 1973 to report on the first brain CT scanner, I was astonished to see how it could detect tumors, strokes and other disorders that never could be seen on X-rays. I recalled all the patients with neurological symptoms who had to undergo a special X-ray procedure known as a pneumoencephalogram. In it, a needle was inserted through the back to remove spinal fluid and to inject air to outline structures in the brain. The technique was painful and unable to detect the tiny lesions that are now seen on scans. One of the first articles I wrote for this newspaper, in 1970, was about Lassa fever, a hemorrhagic viral infection discovered in Africa. The virus was isolated from a missionary nurse who flew to New York City from Nigeria for care. She survived. But a researcher at Yale died while trying to identify the virus. Among other new diseases are Marburg, Ebola and Legionnaire's. Still others, like West Nile fever, have moved from one area of the world to another. For decades, the West Nile virus caused outbreaks in Africa and Europe. In 1999, West Nile appeared in the Americas, in New York City. Since then, it has spread widely and quickly through the United States and Canada to cause encephalitis and other problems. The virus that causes AIDS, shown in a computerized model, has infected about 60 million people worldwide since 1981 and claimed the lives of 25 million of them. (Photo by Peter Arnold, from ''Nova'')(pg. F1); One of the first pacemakers from 1958; they were patented in 1962. (Photo by Andrea Mohin/The New York Times); Demonstration of a Computerized Axial Tomography scan. (Photo by Meha Kulyk/Science Photo Gallery); Scan of a normal brain, with structures of the brain, spine and tissues. (Photo by Chad Hunter/for The New York Times); A stent shown over an angioplasty balloon in 2004. (Photo by Boston Scientific Corp., via Bloomberg News)(pg. F6)

At the same time, the prevalence of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, among young people has declined in eight countries in Africa, showing that prevention efforts can work, UN officials said Tuesday. 'Even limited resources can give high returns when investments are focused on reaching people most at risk and adapted to changing national epidemics, said Dr. Paul De Lay, of the international body's AIDS program Unaids. Nevertheless, 'these estimates are amongst the most robust for any disease of global public health importance,' said Dr. Kevin De Cock, the World Health Organization's chief AIDS official. The global death total would be higher without the efforts undertaken in recent years to provide anti-retroviral therapy to hundreds of thousands of AIDS patients in poor countries, De Cock said. Still, he said, such drug therapy has not reached enough poor people to match the degree of decline in death rates seen in wealthy countries

The four other Lasker winners are Dr. Elizabeth H. Blackburn, 57, of the University of California at San Francisco; Dr. Carol W. Greider, 45, of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Dr. Jack W. Szostak, 53, of Harvard Medical School; and Dr. Joseph Gall, 78, of the Department of Embryology at the Carnegie Institution in Baltimore

South Africa has the largest number of H.I.V.-infected people in the world. Its president, Thabo Mbeki, has continually expressed skepticism that H.I.V. causes AIDS, and the country has questioned antiretroviral treatment and delayed providing it to pregnant women and AIDS patients. Other speakers urged training more nurses and health workers in poor countries to deliver the antiretroviral drugs and preventive measures needed to stop the AIDS epidemic. The many international programs that are scaling up efforts to deliver antiretroviral drugs to poor people cannot succeed without large numbers of health workers to monitor the care of AIDS patients. As the conference speakers delivered their remarks, hundreds of Africans, Asians and people from around the world began dismantling the global village created here to promote discussion of H.I.V. One exhibit, called ''Dress Up Against AIDS,'' included 10 dresses by Adriana Bertini, a Brazilian artist, made from thousands of condoms. Nearby were women from the Masaka district of Uganda who displayed their crafts, including mats, straw bowls and drums. In another booth, Kenyan workers showed off sandals and beaded necklaces. In others, attendants handed out pamphlets on programs for H.I.V. and AIDS

Both men praised the Bush administration's program, Pepfar, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, a five-year, $15 billion program that serves 16 countries, 13 of them in Africa. One part of the program aims to help provide pregnant women with the pills to have healthy babies. For example, Mr. [Bill Gates] said, a simple drug therapy can help most infected mothers avoid passing the AIDS virus to newborns. But, in part because of stigma, poor countries are unable to provide that treatment for an overwhelming majority of pregnant women. As for stigma, Mr. [Bill Clinton] cited China's experience in reversing its position on AIDS. ''Initially, the Chinese were in denial about AIDS, and then they decided they wouldn't be, and they turned on a dime,'' he said

Mr. [Tony Snow] said Mr. [Bush]'s standing heart rate was 46 beats a minute and his cholesterol 174. Both are little changed from a year ago and are normal for a fit man Mr. Bush's age. He turned 60 on July 6. Franklin D. Roosevelt, who contracted polio at age 39, was almost never photographed in a wheelchair. Just before he was elected to a fourth term, in 1944, his personal physician, Vice Adm. Ross T. McIntire, pronounced him ''perfectly O.K.'' despite what Admiral McIntire described as a recent bout of flu and bronchitis. Mr. Bush's weight has fluctuated. It was 194.5 pounds in June 2000, before he became president, 189 in 2001 and 2002. From Aug. 4, 2002, to Dec. 11, 2004, he gained 10.6 pounds. His doctors attributed some of that gain to increased muscle mass from exercise. Mr. Bush blamed doughnuts on the campaign trail

Tests at George Washington University Hospital found that Mr. Cheney's cardiac pacemaker was working properly and had not been activated due to arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat, said Mr. Cheney's spokeswoman, Lea Anne McBride. Mr. Cheney, 65, has had four heart attacks, the first when he was 37 and the fourth on Nov. 22, 2000, in the thick of the dispute between former Vice President Al Gore and President Bush over the outcome of the 2000 presidential election. Mr. Cheney has also had quadruple heart bypass surgery and two angioplasties, procedures to clear blockages in the arteries