Faculty Bibliography

Mr. [Bill Clinton] and Mr. [Bill Gates], who each have charitable foundations that support the fight against AIDS, have become the newest popular face of the campaign as they have traveled the globe, often together, to learn more. Both Mr. Clinton and Mr. Gates praised the Bush administration's program, PEPFAR, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, a five-year, $15 billion program that serves 16 countries, 13 of them in Africa. One part of the program aims to help provide pregnant women with the pills to have healthy babies. For example, Mr. Gates said, a simple drug therapy can help most infected mothers avoid passing the AIDS virus to newborns. But, in part because of stigma, poor countries are unable to provide that treatment for the overwhelming majority of pregnant women

[Clinton] and [Bill Gates], who each have charitable foundations that support the fight against AIDS, lauded the Bush administration's program, PEPFAR, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, a five-year, $15 billion program that serves 16 countries, 13 of them in Africa. One part of the program aims to help provide pregnant women with the pills to have healthy babies

The three women are among about 100 African grandmothers who flew here for a four-day gathering before the opening of the 16th International AIDS Conference on Sunday. The gathering, which brought the African women together with about 200 Canadian grandmothers (very few of them dealing with AIDS in their immediate families), is believed to be the first large one dedicated to helping grandmothers cope with the AIDS pandemic. Cherry Matimuna, 53, is a nurse who has adopted four children orphaned by a niece and a nephew who died of AIDS in Zambia. She said she would be resting if there were no AIDS epidemic. Instead, she has come out of retirement to help care for 61 additional AIDS orphans in Kadwe, the same town where Mwenda and [Priscilla Mwanza] live. Mary Anna Beer, 62, a retired teacher from Newmarket, Ontario, said she became interested in AIDS in the late 1980s, when friends died of it, and began to understand the plight of African grandmothers in six trips to eight countries since 1993. She said she had helped a committee raise nearly 1 million Canadian dollars, or about $900,000, for the Lewis Foundation and publish a manual, available online at York4StephenLewis.ca, advising how to raise awareness about AIDS in Africa. Lewis's daughter, Ilana Landsberg- Lewis, who runs the foundation, said the gathering had three goals. One was to spread awareness about the plight of the African grandmothers. A second was to get the grandmothers to show the world what they need, what their agenda is and what response they want. A third was to raise money for them

Reflecting those efforts, Bill Gates said at the conference Sunday night that there was ''a new sense of optimism'' in Africa because ''the world is doing far more than ever before to fight AIDS.'' Mr. Gates, the chairman of Microsoft, and his wife, Melinda, who have made stopping AIDS the top priority for their foundation, gave keynote addresses at the conference. They called for increased global access to H.I.V. prevention and treatment programs and greater efforts to dispel the stigma of AIDS. One was the Zambian government's leadership in promoting the program and its decision to eliminate medical fees for patients seeking H.I.V. care. The second was the use of nurses and physician assistants to compensate for a critical shortage of doctors. The third was use of a computerized system to monitor patients. The fourth was the large amount of money made available by the Bush administration initiative, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, a five-year, $15 billion program that serves 16 countries, 13 of them in Africa. Dr. Peter Piot, the executive director of the United Nations AIDS program, said in an opening talk that the world must develop a sustainable plan to treat and prevent AIDS over the next several decades. ''We must ensure that no credible national AIDS plan goes unfunded, now or in the decades ahead,'' Dr. Piot said

They are the ''AIDS grannies'' of Africa: women like Matilda Mwenda, 51, of Zambia, who has lost two of her seven children to AIDS, leaving five orphaned grandchildren in her care, along with two nieces who were orphaned when her sister died of AIDS. The three women are among about 100 African grandmothers who flew here for a four-day gathering that ends Sunday with a march to the opening of the 16th International AIDS Conference. The gathering, which brought the African women together with about 200 Canadian grandmothers (very few of them dealing with AIDS in their immediate families), is believed to be the first large one dedicated to helping grandmothers cope with the AIDS pandemic. Cherry Matimuna, 53, is a nurse who has adopted four children orphaned by a niece and a nephew who died of AIDS in Zambia. She said she would be resting if there were no AIDS epidemic. Instead, she has come out of retirement to help care for 61 additional AIDS orphans in Kadwe, the same town where Ms. Mwenda and Ms. [Priscilla Mwanza] live

In the last six years, the conference has been in Durban, South Africa and in Bangkok. This was done in part to give scientists in modern laboratories and hospitals their first view of the challenges in delivering anti-retroviral therapy in developing countries, where most of the world's HIV-infected people live. The conferences also helped doctors in developing countries get up to speed on AIDS and encouraged scientists to conduct research on AIDS problems peculiar to their geographic area. In a speech at the Durban conference in 2000, President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa refused to acknowledge HIV as the cause of AIDS. Minutes later, he walked out of a televised forum as Nkosi Johnson, 11, spoke of being born with HIV. Johnson said he wished that the government would 'start giving AZT to pregnant HIV mothers to help stop the virus being passed on to their babies.' The boy died the following year. Then, in 1996, reports at the conference in Vancouver, Canada, showed that a combination of new anti-retroviral drugs, called protease inhibitors, and older ones could successfully treat AIDS, extending the lives of many. If Coca-Cola could deliver its product in Africa, an AIDS expert said in Vancouver, then the world could deliver AIDS drugs to poor countries

In the last six years, the conference has been held in South Africa and Thailand. This was done in part to give scientists in modern laboratories and hospitals their first view of the challenges in delivering antiretroviral therapy in developing countries, where a vast majority of the world's H.I.V. infected people live. These two conferences also helped doctors in developing countries get up to speed on AIDS and encouraged scientists to conduct research on AIDS problems peculiar to their geographic area. In a speech at the Durban conference in 2000, President Thabo Mbeki of South Africa refused to acknowledge H.I.V. as the cause of AIDS. Minutes later, he walked out of a televised forum as Nkosi Johnson, 11, spoke of being born with H.I.V. He wished, he said, that the government would ''start giving AZT to pregnant H.I.V. mothers to help stop the virus being passed on to their babies.'' If Coca-Cola could deliver its product in Africa, an AIDS expert said in Vancouver, then the world could deliver AIDS drugs to poor countries. The drug cocktails, which cost about $20,000 a year, reduced the amount of H.I.V. detectable in the blood and increased the number of T cells, a crucial component of the immune system. The startling turnarounds in patients confirmed, in their own way, the causal role of H.I.V. in AIDS and refuted claims to the contrary

Mr. [Tony Snow] said Mr. [Bush]'s standing heart rate was 46 beats a minute and his cholesterol 174. Both are little changed from a year ago and are normal for a fit man Mr. Bush's age. He turned 60 on July 6. Franklin D. Roosevelt, who contracted polio at age 39, was almost never photographed in a wheelchair. Just before he was elected to a fourth term, in 1944, his personal physician, Vice Adm. Ross T. McIntire, pronounced him ''perfectly O.K.'' despite what Admiral McIntire described as a recent bout of flu and bronchitis. Mr. Bush's weight has fluctuated. It was 194.5 pounds in June 2000, before he became president, 189 in 2001 and 2002. From Aug. 4, 2002, to Dec. 11, 2004, he gained 10.6 pounds. His doctors attributed some of that gain to increased muscle mass from exercise. Mr. Bush blamed doughnuts on the campaign trail

Dr. [Joseph McDade]'s discovery quickly led scientists to document a number of earlier outbreaks in Pontiac, Mich.; Washington; and elsewhere. Legionnaires' disease now accounts for an estimated 18,000 hospital admissions in this country each year, and C.D.C. scientists have said that doctors miss the diagnosis in many more patients. Most outbreaks and cases have been traced to contaminated water in places like shower heads, air-conditioning systems and medical respiratory devices. The largest outbreak, in Spain in 2001, affected nearly 700 people. The Legionnaire bacterium can produce two forms of illness that begin with flulike symptoms. One, Legionnaires' disease, goes on to produce pneumonia and systemic illness. The other, Pontiac fever, produces only a mild illness. Why the same bacterium causes two distinct illness patterns is not known. Still another problem was that Philadelphia health officials learned belatedly about an earlier outbreak of 19 cases of an illness similar to Legionnaires' disease, including three deaths. It affected members of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in 1974 after they had visited the Bellevue-Stratford. The cluster was not reported until after news of the Legionnaires' outbreak in 1976

The Gates Foundation has made development of an effective vaccine against HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, a major goal, and the new grants bring to $528 million the foundation's investment in the cause. By contrast, the National Institutes of Health has spent $3.4 billion since the 1980s to develop a vaccine. Most licensed vaccines work by stimulating the body to make neutralizing antibodies. But experimental HIV vaccines have failed to produce such antibodies. The virus's propensity to mutate and produce different genetic subtypes would require that an effective vaccine produce antibodies that could neutralize a wide range of strains. Another team, led by Dr. David Ho of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center in Manhattan, will receive $24.7 million to design experimental HIV vaccines that bind to dendritic cells. These immune cells help strengthen production of antibodies and cellular immunity