Faculty Bibliography

BACKGROUND:Injury care involves the complex interaction of patient, physician, and environment that impacts patient complications, level of harm, and failure to rescue (FTR). FTR represents the likelihood of a hospital to be unable to rescue patients from death after in-hospital complications. OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to hypothesize that error type and number of errors contribute to increased level of harm and FTR. METHODS:Patient information was abstracted from weekly trauma performance improvement (PI) records (from January 1, 2016, to July 19, 2017), where trauma surgeons determined the level of harm and identified the factors associated with complications. Level of harm was determined by definitions set forth by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Logistic regression was used to determine the impact of individual factors on FTR and level of harm, controlling for age, gender, Charlson score, injury severity score (ISS), error (in diagnosis, technique, or judgment), delay (in diagnosis or intervention), and need for surgery. RESULTS:A total of 2216 trauma patients presented during the study period. Of 2216 patients, 224 (224/2216, 10.10 %) had complications reported at PI meetings; of these, 31 patients (31/224, 13.8 %) had FTR. PI patients were more likely to be older (mean age 51.3 years, SE 1.58, vs 46.5 years, SE 0.51; P=.008) and have higher ISS (median 22 vs 8; P<.001), compared with patients without complications. Physician-attributable errors (odds ratio [OR] 2.82; P=.001), most commonly errors in technique, and nature of injury (OR 1.91; P=.01) were associated with higher levels of harm, whereas delays in diagnosis or intervention were not. Each additional factor involved increased level of harm (OR 2.09; P<.001) and nearly doubled likelihood of FTR (OR 1.95; P=.01). CONCLUSIONS:Physician-attributable errors in diagnosis, technique, or judgment are more strongly correlated with harm than delays in diagnosis and intervention. Increasing number of errors identified in patient care correlates with an increasing level of harm and FTR.

BACKGROUND:A federal assault weapons ban has been proposed as a way to reduce mass shootings in the U.S. (U.S). The Federal Assault Weapons Ban (A.W.B.) of 1994 made the manufacture and civilian use of a defined set of automatic and semi-automatic weapons and large capacity magazines illegal. The ban expired in 2004. The period from 1994 to 2004 serves as a single-arm pre-post observational study to assess the effectiveness of this policy intervention. METHODS:Mass shooting data for 1981 to 2017 were obtained from three well-documented, referenced, and open-source sets of data, based on media reports. We calculated the yearly rates of mass shooting fatalities as a proportion of total firearm homicide deaths and per U.S. POPULATION/METHODS:We compared the 1994-2004 federal ban period to non-ban periods, using simple linear regression models for rates and a Poison model for counts with a year variable to control for trend. The relative effects of the ban period were estimated with odds ratios. RESULTS:Assault rifles accounted for 430 or 85.8% of the total 501 mass-shooting fatalities reported (95% CI 82.8, 88.9) in 44 mass-shooting incidents. Mass shootings in the U.S. accounted for an increasing proportion of all firearm-related homicides (coefficient for year = 0.7, p = 0.0003), with increment in year alone capturing over a third of the overall variance in the data (Adjusted R-squared = 0.3). In a linear regression model controlling for yearly trend, the federal ban period was associated with a statistically significant 9 fewer mass shooting related deaths per 10,000 firearm homicides (p = 0.03). Mass-shooting fatalities were 70% less likely to occur during the federal ban period (Relative Rate = 0.30, 95% CI 0.22,0.39). CONCLUSIONS:Mass-shooting related homicides in the U.S. were reduced during the years of the federal assault weapons ban of 1994 to 2004. STUDY TYPE/METHODS:Observational LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III/IV.

The objective of this study was to assess whether patients with comorbid psychiatric conditions admitted after traumatic injury require greater health-care resource utilization. The trauma registry of a Level 1 trauma center was used to identify all adult trauma patients presenting from 2012 to 2015. Patients with psychiatric needs, identified as having either an ICD-9 code corresponding to a psychiatric disorder or requiring inpatient psychiatric consultation, were compared with controls, using propensity score matching. Patients with psychiatric disorders were more than three times more likely to present with penetrating injuries (odds ratio [OR] 3.5, P < 0.005). They had longer length of hospital stay (median 5 [IQR 2.5-11] vs. three days [IQR 1-7], P < 0.01), were approximately 70 per cent more likely to require ICU-level care (OR 1.68, P = 0.08), and were 80 per cent less likely to be discharged home (OR 0.18, P < 0.005). Trauma patients with psychiatric illness or need consume greater health-care resources.

INTRODUCTION: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common morbidity in trauma patients. Standard chemical VTE prophylaxis is often inadequate. We hypothesized that using weight-based dosing would result in appropriate prophylaxis more frequently than fixed dosing.
METHOD(S): All patients admitted to a Level I trauma service during a 6-month period were included unless contraindications for VTE prophylaxis existed. A prospective weight-based enoxa-parin dosing group was compared with a retrospective uniform-dosing group. The weight-based dosage was 0.5 mg/kg subcutaneous q12 hours rounded to the nearest 10 mg. Peak anti-factor Xa activity was measured and patients who fell outside of the prophylactic range had their dose adjusted by +/- 10 mg q12 hours. The uniform dosing group received 30 mg subcutaneous q12 hours, and did not receive dose adjustments. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and Fisher's exact test, as appropriate.
RESULT(S): Eighty-three patients were included in the study. Significantly more patients in the uniform-dosing group were sub-therapeutically anti-coagulated vs the weight-based group. In the uniform dosing group, anti-Xa level correlated with body surface area (BSA) (1C = 0.24, p = 0.0010) and weight. Weight-based dosing both pre-and post-readjustment normalized the correlation of anti-Xa with BSA (ic=0.049, p = 0.18) and weight (Figure).
CONCLUSION(S): Weight-based VTE prophylaxis with anti-Xa-based dose adjustment improves the rate of appropriate prophylaxis relative to uniform dosing and eliminates variances secondary to BSA and weight in trauma patients

Level I trauma centers serve as a community resource, with most centers using an inclusive transfer policy that may result in overtriage. The financial burden this imparts on an urban trauma system has not been well examined. We sought to examine the incidence of secondary overtriage (SOT) at an urban Level I trauma center. This was a retrospective study from an urban Level I trauma center examining patients admitted as trauma transfers (TT) from 2010 to 2014. SOT was defined as patients not meeting the "Orange Book" transfer criteria and who had a length of stay of <48 hours. Average ED and transport charges were calculated for total transfer charges. A total of 2397 TT were treated. The number of TT increased over the study interval. The mean age of TT was 59.7 years (SD ± 26.4 years); patients were predominantly male (59.2%), white (83.2%), with at least one comorbidity (71.5%). Blunt trauma accounted for 96.8 per cent of admissions with a median Injury Severity Score of nine (IQR: 5-16). Predominant injuries were isolated closed head trauma (61.4%), skin/soft tissue injury (18.9%), and spinal injury (17.6%). SOT was 48.2 per cent and increased yearly (P < 0.001). The median trauma center charge for SOT was ($27,072; IQR: $20,089-34,087), whereas ED charges were ($40,440; IQR: $26,150-65,125), resulting in a total cost of $67,512/patient. A liberal TT policy results in a high SOT rate adding significant unnecessary costs to the health-care system. Efforts to establish transfer guidelines may allow for significant cost savings without compromising care.

BACKGROUND:Between 1990 and 2003, there were 668 subway-related fatalities in New York City. However, subway-related trauma remains an understudied area of injury-related morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to characterize the injuries and events leading up to the injuries of all patients admitted after subway-related trauma. METHODS:We conducted a retrospective case series of subway-related trauma at a Level I trauma center from 2001 to 2016. Descriptive epidemiology of patient demographics, incident details, injuries, and outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS:Over 15 years, 254 patients were admitted for subway-related trauma. The mean (standard error of the mean) age was 41 (1.0) years, 80% were male (95% confidence interval [CI] 74-84%) and median Injury Severity Score was 14 (interquartile range [IQR] 5-24). The overall case-fatality rate was 10% (95% CI 7-15%). The most common injuries were long-bone fractures, intracranial hemorrhage, and traumatic amputations. Median length of stay was 6 days (IQR 1-18 days). Thirty-seven percent of patients required surgical intervention. At the time of injury, 55% of patients (95% CI 49-61%) had a positive urine drug or alcohol screen, 16% (95% CI 12-21%) were attempting suicide, and 39% (95% CI 33-45%) had a history of psychiatric illness. CONCLUSIONS:Subway-related trauma is associated with a high case-fatality rate. Alcohol or drug intoxication and psychiatric illness can increase the risk of this type of injury.

We hypothesize that higher elderly patient volume per trauma surgeon is associated with fewer clinical complications. This is a retrospective cohort study which included elderly patients admitted to trauma surgery service within a five-year period, from 2009 to 2013, at two Level I trauma centers in Florida. Trauma surgeons were stratified into three groups depending on patient volume. Primary outcomes were postinjury complications and in-hospital mortality, and secondary outcomes were hospital length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit LOS, and ventilator days. A total of 2379 elderly patients were included in this study. Elderly patient volume per surgeon did not significantly differ based on years in practice after fellowship (P = 0.88). The higher volume group had lower incidence of complications (15% complication rate, P = 0.02), compared with the average and low-volume group (18.1 and 21%, respectively), and had significantly lower rates of acute respiratory failure (P = 0.04) and acute renal failure (P = 0.004). In-hospital mortality was not affected by volume. Hospital LOS was decreased in the higher volume group (mean LOS 7.4 days, P < 0.001). There appears to be a relationship between elderly patient volume and outcome, independent of surgeon years of experience.

Background/UNASSIGNED:Warfarin is associated with poor outcomes after trauma, an effect correlated with elevations in the international normalized ratio (INR). In contrast, the novel oral anticoagulants (NOAs) have no validated laboratory measure to quantify coagulopathy. We sought to determine if use of NOAs was associated with elevated activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or INR levels among trauma patients or increased clotting times on thromboelastography (TEG). Methods/UNASSIGNED:This was a post-hoc analysis of a prospective observational study across 16 trauma centers. Patients on dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or apixaban were included. Laboratory data were collected at admission and after reversal. Admission labs were compared between medication groups. Traditional measures of coagulopathy were compared with TEG results using Spearman's rank coefficient for correlation. Labs before and after reversal were also analyzed between medication groups. Results/UNASSIGNED:182 patients were enrolled between June 2013 and July 2015: 50 on dabigatran, 123 on rivaroxaban, and 34 apixaban. INR values were mildly elevated among patients on dabigatran (median 1.3, IQR 1.1-1.4) and rivaroxaban (median 1.3, IQR 1.1-1.6) compared with apixaban (median 1.1, IQR 1.0-1.2). Patients on dabigatran had slightly higher than normal aPTT values (median 35, IQR 29.8-46.3), whereas those on rivaroxaban and apixaban did not. Fifty patients had TEG results. The median values for R, alpha, MA and lysis were normal for all groups. Prothrombin time (PT) and aPTT had a high correlation in all groups (dabigatran p=0.0005, rivaroxaban p<0.0001, and apixaban p<0.0001). aPTT correlated with the R value on TEG in patients on dabigatran (p=0.0094) and rivaroxaban (p=0.0028) but not apixaban (p=0.2532). Reversal occurred in 14%, 25%, and 18% of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban patients, respectively. Both traditional measures of coagulopathy and TEG remained within normal limits after reversal. Discussion/UNASSIGNED:Neither traditional measures of coagulation nor TEG were able to detect coagulopathy in patients on NOAs. Level of evidence/UNASSIGNED:Level IV.