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''Things couldn't be better,'' Dr. [John Hutton] said. ''The President feels great.'' Obviously buoyed by the news, Mrs. [Reagan] told reporters outside the hospital that results of the CAT scans were ''wonderful.'' Asked if the President had received a clean bill of health, Mrs. Reagan said, ''Yes.'' Good News on CAT Scans Mr. [Speakes] said today that the good news of the results was disclosed earlier than expected because ''the Reagans wanted to get it out.'' Mr. Speakes said he issued the doctor's statement ''when the Reagans called me and said, 'We're extremely pleased with our news.' ''

''The mineralization of bone and size and consistency of the liver were comparable with that of a man much younger than the President,'' Dr. [John Hutton] added. ''This evening's post operative blood tests and vital signs are normal.'' Nancy Reagan, the President's wife, told reporters outside the Bethesda Naval Hospital tonight that results of the CAT scans, which are computerized X-rays, were ''wonderful.'' Asked if the President received a clean bill of health, Mrs. Reagan said, ''Yes.'' Senators [Bob Dole] and [Robert C. Byrd] said Mr. Reagan was in good spirits. ''He sounded pretty chipper to me,'' Senator Dole said. And Senator Byrd, who turns 70 this year, joked, ''I hope I sound as well when they work on my prostate 30 years from now.'' Afternoon Meeting With Bush

LEAD: President Reagan underwent what White House officials described as ''very routine'' surgery today to relieve obstruction from an enlarged prostate in an operation that lasted ''about an hour'' at Bethesda Naval Hospital. President Reagan underwent what White House officials described as ''very routine'' surgery today to relieve obstruction from an enlarged prostate in an operation that lasted ''about an hour'' at Bethesda Naval Hospital. Mr. [Larry Speakes] said that Mr. Reagan had taken no pain medication after the prostate surgery and had expressed no need for any. ''If he does,'' Mr. Speakes said, ''it would be nothing more than Tylenol or aspirin.''

WASHINGTON - President Reagan underwent what White House officials described as ``very routine`` surgery Monday to relieve obstruction from an enlarged prostate. ``The obstructing portion of the prostate was removed; no complications were encountered. The President's general condition is excellent,`` White House spokesman Larry Speakes said Monday night. Shortly after surgery, Reagan signed correspondence and reviewed his daily intelligence report, Speakes said. Reagan's wife, Nancy, and the White House chief of staff, Donald T. Regan, visited the President in his hospital room. The Reagan children had spoken with Mrs. Reagan, the White House said

After today's procedures, Col. John Hutton of the Army, the White House physician, said in a statement that the results of the tests ''all were normal.'' He also said ''the colonoscopy went smoothly'' and that immediately after the medical checkup, Mr. [Nancy Reagan], who will be 76 years old next month, ''began reading briefing papers on the Presidential decision-making agenda.'' Dr. Hutton, in his statement, said that the newly found polyps ''show no evidence of a recurrence of the cancer found in July 1985.'' Other physicians not connected with Mr. Reagan's case said that while new cancerous polyps could develop, a recurrence or spread from the one that was removed in 1985 was not likely be found in new polyps but rather elsewhere, such as in the liver, lungs or lymph nodes in the abdomen and pelvis. Another Crucial Test Albert R. Brashear, the deputy White House spokesman, said in answer to a question that Dr. Hutton's statement meant that ''we saw no evidence of the recurrence of the cancer'' in the colonoscopy and the chest X-rays. ''If we had found evidence of recurrence of the cancer,'' he said, ''it would have been noted in the statement.''

''Something could show up,'' said Dr. Sidney J. Winawer, an expert in colon cancer at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York. ''He certainly is in that period when it could.'' Recurrence and spread of the colon cancer, if it did occur, could have ominous implications for Mr. [Reagan]'s long-term survival. The British Medical Journal, noting the lack of an accurate way of detecting recurrent colon cancer at its earliest stage, said in an editorial: ''Many patients who die from cancer of the bowel have previously undergone what was hoped to have been a 'curative' resection, only to return with lethal recurrent or metastatic disease.'' The American Cancer Society estimates that colon cancer, which is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States, killed 51,800 Americans last year. Awake During Prostate Surgery Generally speaking the medical community is optimistic about the President's health. Physicians who have cared for him have been struck by his resiliency, noting how well he came through chest surgery after he was shot and the colon operation. And Dr. Ralph Bookman, who gave Mr. Reagan allergy shots in Los Angeles last week, said: ''He looks remarkably well.''

White House officials said today that President Reagan had not talked to Mr. [William J. Casey] since his brain surgery. They did not say why. Larry Speakes, the White House spokesman, said he did not believe ''it was appropriate at this stage'' to explain if there was a medical reason why Mr. Reagan had spoken with Mr. Casey's wife, Sophia, but not to Mr. Casey. Nancy Reagan, the President's wife, has also spoken with Mrs. Casey. Mr. Speakes, who was with the President in Palm Springs, Calif., said he did not know if Mr. Casey was able to speak. Mr. Speakes denied that the White House had drawn up a list of possible successors. Asked if Mr. Casey would recover to resume his duties as Director of Central Intelligence, Mr. Speakes said that ''the President will leave medical judgments in the hands of physicians'' caring for Mr. Casey. ''This is long,'' said Dr. William R. Shapiro, a professor of neurology at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York who is not connected with Mr. Casey's care. Dr. Shapiro added that he ''would have expected Mr. Casey to be up by now, awake and talking, and if he is not, then it is of concern.''

WORKING AT the University of Pennsylvania, the team of scientists headed by [Larry W. Stephenson] has fashioned the back muscle into a pouch-like pumping chamber that is lined with Goretex, a synthetic material, and connected to an internal pacemaker. By providing bursts of electricity, the pacemaker stimulates the transformation of one type of muscle into another. The transformation of one type of muscle into another is a 'surprising' biological feat and 'very significant because in medical school they said you could not do that,' said Dr. John T. Watson, who heads the devices and technology branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute in Bethesda, Md., which has financed much of Stephenson's muscle research

Therapy will begin as soon as Mr. [William J. Casey] has sufficiently recovered from the surgery, the doctors said in a statement issued by Georgetown University Hospital. But they gave no indication of what the therapy would be or when Mr. Casey would reach that stage. They said only that his condition was ''stable'' and that he would undergo more tests. The terse statement did not indicate to what extent, if any, Mr. Casey had lost any mental or physical abilities as a result of the brain operation that lasted almost five and a half hours last Thursday. The hospital's report said pathologists had confirmed Mr. Casey's cancer as a ''B-cell lymphoma of the large cell type.'' Rarely Diagnosed in Past ''The problem is the tumor is in his brain and that makes it different from the large-cell lymphomas that arise in lymph nodes'' elsewhere in the body, Dr. Bruce A. Chabner, who directs the division of cancer therapy at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Md., said in an interview. Dr. Chabner is not involved in Mr. Casey's care