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White House officials said today that President Reagan had not talked to Mr. [William J. Casey] since his brain surgery. They did not say why. Larry Speakes, the White House spokesman, said he did not believe ''it was appropriate at this stage'' to explain if there was a medical reason why Mr. Reagan had spoken with Mr. Casey's wife, Sophia, but not to Mr. Casey. Nancy Reagan, the President's wife, has also spoken with Mrs. Casey. Mr. Speakes, who was with the President in Palm Springs, Calif., said he did not know if Mr. Casey was able to speak. Mr. Speakes denied that the White House had drawn up a list of possible successors. Asked if Mr. Casey would recover to resume his duties as Director of Central Intelligence, Mr. Speakes said that ''the President will leave medical judgments in the hands of physicians'' caring for Mr. Casey. ''This is long,'' said Dr. William R. Shapiro, a professor of neurology at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York who is not connected with Mr. Casey's care. Dr. Shapiro added that he ''would have expected Mr. Casey to be up by now, awake and talking, and if he is not, then it is of concern.''

WORKING AT the University of Pennsylvania, the team of scientists headed by [Larry W. Stephenson] has fashioned the back muscle into a pouch-like pumping chamber that is lined with Goretex, a synthetic material, and connected to an internal pacemaker. By providing bursts of electricity, the pacemaker stimulates the transformation of one type of muscle into another. The transformation of one type of muscle into another is a 'surprising' biological feat and 'very significant because in medical school they said you could not do that,' said Dr. John T. Watson, who heads the devices and technology branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute in Bethesda, Md., which has financed much of Stephenson's muscle research

Therapy will begin as soon as Mr. [William J. Casey] has sufficiently recovered from the surgery, the doctors said in a statement issued by Georgetown University Hospital. But they gave no indication of what the therapy would be or when Mr. Casey would reach that stage. They said only that his condition was ''stable'' and that he would undergo more tests. The terse statement did not indicate to what extent, if any, Mr. Casey had lost any mental or physical abilities as a result of the brain operation that lasted almost five and a half hours last Thursday. The hospital's report said pathologists had confirmed Mr. Casey's cancer as a ''B-cell lymphoma of the large cell type.'' Rarely Diagnosed in Past ''The problem is the tumor is in his brain and that makes it different from the large-cell lymphomas that arise in lymph nodes'' elsewhere in the body, Dr. Bruce A. Chabner, who directs the division of cancer therapy at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Md., said in an interview. Dr. Chabner is not involved in Mr. Casey's care

The immediate problem is to determine whether Mr. [William J. Casey] lost any ability to speak or think as a result of surgery. Generally, it takes several days to determine how well any patient, particularly one in his 70's who has undergone general anesthesia for brain surgery, responds. The lymphoma could have damaged Mr. Casey's intellectual capacities in the last few months, or even years, but it is also entirely possible that he could have escaped any intellectual impairment. Patient's Ability to Function Doctors not connected with the case said the type of lymphoma was probably what doctors call a primary tumor of the brain, meaning it started there. In most cases this does not spread elsewhere. Dr. Nicholas T. Zervas, chief of neurosurgery at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, said that when the lymphoma ''is first found in the brain it is usually confined.'' Dr. William R. Shapiro, professor of neurology at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center who is head of the National Brain Tumor Cooperative Group sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, said, ''This is an unusual disease, but it is being seen more frequently.'' He said that though the usual treatment was radiation, some experts were beginning to administer chemotherapy in advance of radiation in experimental studies. Puzzle About Diagnoses

The significance of the Zairian-French experiments is as much in their timing as their potential. News of the experiments has astonished other AIDS experts who had believed that the first human experiments of any form of immunization would not come for at least a year. The hope of the Zairian-French experiments is that the body's augmented supply of killer lymphocytes will prevent the AIDS virus from developing into acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Because AIDS paralyses the immune system, victims fall prey to a wide variety of so-called opportunistic infections. Dr. Jonathan Mann, the head of the World Health Organization's AIDS program, said this week that because of reports that were circulating among AIDS researchers about the Zairian-French experiments, he had asked the government of Zaire for details. But he said he had not yet received a reply

''No further urological examinations or other medical procedures are planned,'' Dr. [T. Burton Smith], said at the time. Dr. Smith, a urologist, announced his resignation as White House physician on Dec. 4 after serving in that position since Jan. 3, 1985. He resigned to pursue ''personal interests elsewhere,'' said Larry Speakes, the White House spokesman. Some Are Puzzled by Resignation In an interview about Mr. [Reagan]'s health in 1980, Dr. Smith said that he had done the operation to correct an abnormality of a portion of Mr. Reagan's urinary bladder called the ''neck'' and to remove about 30 ''seedlike prostatic stones.'' The operation was done because Mr. Reagan had suffered a series of urinary tract infections. ''Some of the very large glands are not very obstructive,'' Dr. Stuart E. Price, the president of the American Urological Association, said. Dr. Price, who practices urology in Pittsburgh and who is not involved in Mr. Reagan's case, went on: ''Conversely, some of the rather small glands are very obstructive. Some glands can enlarge to 300 grams without causing significant problem. But by the same token we have seen less than 15 gram prostates that are significantly obstructing because they encroached on'' the urethra to a greater degree. Procedure in Prostate Surgery

Dr. Robert Gallo, a pioneering AIDS researcher at the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Md., said he had discussed the concept of the immunization experiments with Dr. [Daniel Zagury] and had told him he did not want to know if he had carried out the experiments unless the doctor had ''good results.'' In such a case, Dr. Gallo added, ''I sure want to know.'' Dr. Zagury, who is known to have done research on other aspects of AIDS in Zaire and elsewhere in Africa, said he had ''no comment'' on his present project because he was ''under oath to the Zairian Government'' not to disclose any information about any of his research studies there until the results were published in scientific journals. Attempts to reach Zairian health officials were unsuccessful. Dr. Gallo described Dr. Zagury as ''a good cellular immunologist'' who had made contributions to the field and who, as a result of his work in Africa, had become passionate about the need to stop the spread of the AIDS virus. He added that Dr. Zagury had grown to believe there was a chance of doing so through ''charging up the cellular immune system.''

Dr. Malcolm A. Martin, chief of the laboratory of molecular microbiology at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, Md., said the findings made by his team were ''provocative'' because they indicated that rectal and colon cells could be directly infected without the occurrence of ''trauma,'' or anal tears. ''But we haven't shown it directly in a person,'' Dr. Martin said. Dr. Martin said his findings suggested that the AIDS virus ''may infect vaginal cells, too.'' However, Dr. Martin said cells from the vagina were not tested in his study because cancerous cells from that tissue that can grow in test tubes were not available to his team at the time it began the experiments

The transformation of one type of muscle into another is a ''surprising'' biological feat and ''very significant because in medical school they said you could not do that,'' said Dr. John Watson, who heads the devices and technology branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute in Bethesda, Md. The federal agency has financed much of Dr. [Larry Stephenson]'s muscle research over the past seven years

The transformation of one type of muscle into another is a ''surprising'' biological feat and ''very significant because in medical school they said you could not do that,'' said Dr. John T. Watson, who heads the devices and technology branch of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute in Bethesda, Md. The Federal agency has financed much of Dr. [Larry W. Stephenson]'s muscle research over the last seven years. ''It certainly is a fruitful area for research - the results they are getting with these animals is really surprising,'' Dr. Watson said. ''It is another example of integrating biology and engineering in a practical way.'' Findings of Studies Because muscle is a living, contractile tissue with potential for growth with a child, Dr. Stephenson and others believe that an infant's own skeletal muscle could play an important role in the correction of some lethal cardiac birth defects. For instance, Dr. Stephenson said he was working with Dr. William Norwood at Children's Hospital in Philadelphia to fashion a ventricle for newborns with underdeveloped heart chambers such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome, the condition for which an infant known as Baby Fae received a baboon's heart in an unsuccessful experiment in 1984 at Loma Linda medical center in California