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Surgeons replaced the entire left side of Dr. Barney B. Clark's artificial heart today after it began to fail. At the time of the crisis, he was experiencing a severe drop in blood pressure. After the operation, doctors described Dr. Clark as a ''very, very sick'' man whose condition was complicated because he had developed pnuemonia in his left lung. ''It was basically a fracture, a stress failure,'' said Dr. [Robert K. Jarvik], ''and why it occurred, I cannot tell you.'' Temporary problems also developed with the left side of the Jarvik heart during the original implantation on Dec. 2. ''We cannot say why it occurred'' in Dr. Clark's case, Dr. Jarvik said. However, he added that the nature of the artificial heart was such as to put much more pressure on the mitral valve than the human heart does on the natural mitral valve. Replaced With Spare Part

Some members have worked so quietly and so far from the limelight that no ray has shone on them. They were working on the heart that failed Dr. [Barney B. Clark], a 61-year-old retired dentist from Seattle. Now, parts of Dr. Clark's discarded natural heart are devoid of their humanity and are merely laboratory specimens. Pieces of the heart are frozen. Others are in alcohol. Still others were placed in a special chemical solution so that slices could be prepared and then seen through conventional light microscopes and through an electron microscope. The remainder of the heart is in formalin, a chemical preservative. Moreover, there is a good possibility that the infection was so mild that Dr. Clark was not aware he had it. The viral infection, in turn, probably triggered an abnormal reaction in which the body began attacking itself - a so-called autoimmune reaction. In Dr. Clark's case, the autoimmune reaction produced an inflammation of the heart muscle, a condition called myocarditis. Might Dr. Clark's heart disease have been due to chronic exposure to anesthetic gases or the heavy metals he used in his practice? No, Dr. [Elizabeth H. Hammond] said, because the heart cells she examined through the microscope did not show the type of damage usually associated with toxic destruction of heart muscle. Also, most individuals who develop such toxic reactions suffer damage to several organs, not just the heart. It was only Dr. Clark's heart that was affected, Dr. Hammond said

He said the medical team was relying on Dr. [Barney B. Clark]'s family to help him come through this trying and critical period. ''Even Mrs. Clark has raised this possibility,'' Dr. [Chase N. Peterson] said, ''by commenting that her husband is a vigorous, proud and tough guy, and I think he entered this with a sense of really wanting to do this well, doing it well for research and doing it well for the world in a sense.'' ''She wondered this morning if the complications he has had haven't made him feel that he is not doing quite as good a job as he wanted to do,'' he said. ''Now that is an honorable feeling, there is nothing wrong with that. That's perfectly human. I don't call that pathological in any psychological sense.'' ''He really has though, I want to emphasize,'' he said. ''Who is Barney Clark? Barney Clark is not the person you have been looking at for the last few days. He is a man of 61 years, and he is tough and aggressive, and those qualities will come back.''

Dr. [Chase N. Peterson], the university's vice president for health sciences, added that ''none of us can yet tell you there is no brain damage'' from seizures Dr. Clark suffered early Tuesday and that his condition continued to be critical. Brain Wave Test Is Normal The doctors are increasing Dr. Clark's caloric intake through a feeding tube to about 4,000 calories today. The increased intake reflected the fact that he has overcome a condition called ileus, which commonly follows surgery, and that his bowel function has returned to normal. ''We know he is absorbing that food,'' Dr. Peterson said. Some Tubes Removed ''We are trying to find the right level,'' Dr. Peterson said. Tests also show that Dr. Clark's liver is working normally and that the body chemicals known as the electrolytes are also normal. Sees Cause for Optimism

Dr. Clark and his wife, Una Loy Clark, received a telegram from President and Mrs. Reagan, saying: ''God bless you and keep you. Our hearts and prayers are with you and your family. You have given us all a great lesson in courage and faith.'' Dr. Clark was reported to be in a post-ictal state, a period of calm that normally follows a seizure. In Dr. Clark's case, that condition may last still another day or so because of the long duration, two and a half hours, of the seizures he had Tuesday morning. Most epileptics recover from the post-ictal state quickly because their seizures usually last only a minute or so. Dr. Chase N. Peterson, the university's vice president for health services, said that although Dr. Clark's medical course was ''going in the right direction,'' he still wished the patient ''had bounced back faster'' from the seizures, the third complication after the operation to implant the artificial heart on Dec. 2. The other complications were an air leak in his lungs and a temporary kidney failure

Dr. [Barney B. Clark] has shown ''gradual improvement in responsiveness'' without evidence of brain damage after his seizures early Tuesday morning, John Dwan, a spokesman for the hospital, said at a news conference today. The medical team remains optimistic about the chances of Dr. Clark's recovery, Mr. Dwan said. But he stressed, ''We have been on this roller coaster before and the doctors want to be cautious about saying anything for another day or two.'' The longer Dr. Clark ''goes without further seizures, the better'' the prognosis, Mr. Dwan said. Dr. Clark was described as ''semiconscious'' and drowsy from the aftereffects of the medication, listening to a tape recording of Handel's ''Messiah'' by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir

The seizures began shortly before 6 A.M., just after Dr. [Barney B. Clark] awoke from a restful sleep. ''How am I doing?'' he asked Dr. William C. DeVries, the head of the team caring for him, and the cardiac surgeon responded, ''Fine.'' Body Begins to Shake The medical team planned to continue further tests to determine the cause and seriousness of the seizures. Dr. Clark's doctors ''are very, very concerned about'' the latest complication in his recovery, Dr. [Chase N. Peterson] said. He added, however, that the seizures might have been worse if the root of the problem had been a stroke resulting from bleeding or a clot in the brain. Dr. Peterson said that Dr. DeVries told him that Mrs. Clark was shaken by the report of her husbands turn for the worse but said she was ''as strong as ever while there was a tear or two'' in her eyes

SALT Lake City, Dec. 6 - Dr. Barney B. Clark, the recipient of the world's first permanent artificial heart, rested comfortably today while listening to a tape recording of Handel's ''Messiah'' sung by the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. This afternoon he was listening to a tape of the ''Messiah.'' It was among several that his family brought along with a tape recorder. The nurses said that the management of Dr. Clark's postoperative care was simpler in one sense because he did not need drugs to counter abnormal heart rhythms and other cardiac difficulties because he had an artificial organ. Dr. Clark can ''definitely'' be switched to such a portable unit once a reliable model is ready, Mr. [Steve Nielsen] said. He added: ''The day will come when you are standing in a grocery line and not know that the person next to you is equipped with an artificial heart. This is so because the equipment will be so small and noiseless.''

Dr. [Barney B. Clark], a retired dentist from Seattle, has indicated that he has no pain. ''He is quite tired,'' Dr. [Chase N. Peterson] said of the patient, ''and his family is with him. He is able to talk if he chooses to.'' Saturday, Dr. Clark's family expressed cautious optimism and they were smiling as they spoke at a news conference. The lung complication was noted almost immediately afterward, and the family became deeply concerned when Dr. William C. DeVries, the head of the surgical team, told them he was taking Dr. Clark back to the operating room. Air Leaks Closed ''The air leak has stopped,'' Dr. Peterson said. He described the complication as a ''minor'' one. But when the problem first developed, no one could say with certainty what was causing it. Dr. Peterson's description of the various options the medical team faced gave the public an insight into the mental processes by which physicians arrive at diagnosis and treatment, called differential diagnosis. Nurses Noticed Problem As of tonight, the artificial heart has beat about half a million times in Dr. Clark's chest. Dr. Clark's vital signs were reported as normal. He has no fever and his blood pressure was 122/65. In conclusion, Dr. Peterson said that on the basis of tests of the various systems - heart, lung, blood and others -''the doctors are prepared to say that he has accepted the artificial heart very well.''

Dr. [Nathan Pace] told Dr. [Barney Clark]: ''I want to make you comfortable, but I don't want to hurt your heart. If you feel you will be placid enough, I won't give you anything.'' The patient and anesthesiologist made a deal. ''We didn't give him anything at all,'' Dr. Pace said