Faculty Bibliography

PURPOSE: In this work, a generic recipe for an inexpensive and nontoxic phantom was developed within a range of biologically relevant dielectric properties from 150 MHz to 4.5 GHz. METHODS: The recipe includes deionized water as the solvent, NaCl to primarily control conductivity, sucrose to primarily control permittivity, agar-agar to gel the solution and reduce heat diffusivity, and benzoic acid to preserve the gel. Two hundred and seventeen samples were prepared to cover the feasible range of NaCl and sucrose concentrations. Their dielectric properties were measured using a commercial dielectric probe and were fitted to a 3D polynomial to generate a recipe describing the properties as a function of NaCl concentration, sucrose concentration, and frequency. RESULTS: Results indicated that the intuitive linear and independent relationships between NaCl and conductivity and between sucrose and permittivity are not valid. A generic polynomial recipe was developed to characterize the complex relationship between the solutes and the resulting dielectric values and has been made publicly available as a web application. In representative mixtures developed to mimic brain and muscle tissue, less than 2% difference was observed between the predicted and measured conductivity and permittivity values. CONCLUSIONS: It is expected that the recipe will be useful for generating dielectric phantoms for general magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coil development at high magnetic field strength, including coil safety evaluation as well as pulse sequence evaluation (including B1 (+) mapping, B1 (+) shimming, and selective excitation pulse design), and other non-MRI applications which require biologically equivalent dielectric properties.

Purpose To determine the feasibility of using finite element analysis applied to 3-T magnetic resonance (MR) images of proximal femur microarchitecture for detection of lower bone strength in subjects with fragility fractures compared with control subjects without fractures. Materials and Methods This prospective study was institutional review board approved and HIPAA compliant. Written informed consent was obtained. Postmenopausal women with (n = 22) and without (n = 22) fragility fractures were matched for age and body mass index. All subjects underwent standard dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Images of proximal femur microarchitecture were obtained by using a high-spatial-resolution three-dimensional fast low-angle shot sequence at 3 T. Finite element analysis was applied to compute elastic modulus as a measure of strength in the femoral head and neck, Ward triangle, greater trochanter, and intertrochanteric region. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare bone mineral density T scores and elastic moduli between the groups. The relationship (R2) between elastic moduli and bone mineral density T scores was assessed. Results Patients with fractures showed lower elastic modulus than did control subjects in all proximal femur regions (femoral head, 8.51-8.73 GPa vs 9.32-9.67 GPa; P = .04; femoral neck, 3.11-3.72 GPa vs 4.39-4.82 GPa; P = .04; Ward triangle, 1.85-2.21 GPa vs 3.98-4.13 GPa; P = .04; intertrochanteric region, 1.62-2.18 GPa vs 3.86-4.47 GPa; P = .006-.007; greater trochanter, 0.65-1.21 GPa vs 1.96-2.62 GPa; P = .01-.02), but no differences in bone mineral density T scores. There were weak relationships between elastic moduli and bone mineral density T scores in patients with fractures (R2 = 0.25-0.31, P = .02-.04), but not in control subjects. Conclusion Finite element analysis applied to high-spatial-resolution 3-T MR images of proximal femur microarchitecture can allow detection of lower elastic modulus, a marker of bone strength, in subjects with fragility fractures compared with control subjects. MR assessment of proximal femur strength may provide information about bone quality that is not provided by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. (c) RSNA, 2014.

PURPOSE: High-resolution imaging of deeper anatomy such as the hip is challenging due to low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), necessitating long scan times. Multi-element coils can increase SNR and reduce scan time through parallel imaging (PI). We assessed the feasibility of using a 26-element receive coil setup to perform 3 Tesla (T) MRI of proximal femur microarchitecture without and with PI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study had institutional review board approval. We scanned 13 subjects on a 3T scanner using 26 receive-elements and a three-dimensional fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence without and with PI (acceleration factors [AF] 2, 3, 4). We assessed SNR, depiction of individual trabeculae, PI performance (1/g-factor), and image quality with PI (1 = nonvisualization to 5 = excellent). RESULTS: SNR maps demonstrate higher SNR for the 26-element setup compared with a 12-element setup for hip MRI. Without PI, individual proximal femur trabeculae were well-depicted, including microarchitectural deterioration in osteoporotic subjects. With PI, 1/g values for the 26-element/12-element receive-setup were 0.71/0.45, 0.56/0.25, and 0.44/0.08 at AF2, AF3, and AF4, respectively. Image quality was: AF1, excellent (4.8 +/- 0.4); AF2, good (4.2 +/- 1.0); AF3, average (3.3 +/- 1.0); AF4, nonvisualization (1.4 +/- 0.9). CONCLUSION: A 26-element receive-setup permits 3T MRI of proximal femur microarchitecture with good image quality up to PI AF2. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:229-238. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the feasibility of performing bone microarchitecture, high-resolution cartilage, and clinical imaging of the hip at 7T. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study had Institutional Review Board approval. Using an 8-channel coil constructed in-house, we imaged the hips of 15 subjects on a 7T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. We applied: 1) a T1-weighted 3D fast low angle shot (3D FLASH) sequence (0.23 x 0.23 x 1-1.5 mm3 ) for bone microarchitecture imaging; 2) T1-weighted 3D FLASH (water excitation) and volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) sequences (0.23 x 0.23 x 1.5 mm3 ) with saturation or inversion recovery-based fat suppression for cartilage imaging; 3) 2D intermediate-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE) sequences without and with fat saturation (0.27 x 0.27 x 2 mm) for clinical imaging. RESULTS: Bone microarchitecture images allowed visualization of individual trabeculae within the proximal femur. Cartilage was well visualized and fat was well suppressed on FLASH and VIBE sequences. FSE sequences allowed visualization of cartilage, the labrum (including cartilage and labral pathology), joint capsule, and tendons. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of performing a clinically comprehensive hip MRI protocol at 7T, including high-resolution imaging of bone microarchitecture and cartilage, as well as clinical imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PURPOSE: To develop a bilateral coil and fat suppressed T1-weighted sequence for 7 Tesla (T) breast MRI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A dual-solenoid coil and three-dimensional (3D) T1w gradient echo sequence with B1 + insensitive fat suppression (FS) were developed. T1w FS image quality was characterized through image uniformity and fat-water contrast measurements in 11 subjects. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and flip angle maps were acquired to assess the coil performance. Bilateral contrast-enhanced and unilateral high resolution (0.6 mm isotropic, 6.5 min acquisition time) imaging highlighted the 7T SNR advantage. RESULTS: Reliable and effective FS and high image quality was observed in all subjects at 7T, indicating that the custom coil and pulse sequence were insensitive to high-field obstacles such as variable tissue loading. 7T and 3T image uniformity was similar (P = 0.24), indicating adequate 7T B1 + uniformity. High 7T SNR and fat-water contrast enabled 0.6 mm isotropic imaging and visualization of a high level of fibroglandular tissue detail. CONCLUSION: 7T T1w FS bilateral breast imaging is feasible with a custom radiofrequency (RF) coil and pulse sequence. Similar image uniformity was achieved at 7T and 3T, despite different RF field behavior and variable coil-tissue interaction due to anatomic differences that might be expected to alter magnetic field patterns. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013. (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to investigate the feasibility of 7-T shoulder magnetic resonance imaging by developing transmit and receive radiofrequency (RF) coil arrays and exploring RF shim methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A mechanically flexible 8-channel transmit array and an anatomically conformable 10-channel receive array were designed and implemented. The transmit performance of various RF shim methods was assessed through local flip angle measurements in the right and left shoulders of 6 subjects. The receive performance was assessed through signal-to-noise ratio measurements using the developed 7-T coil and a baseline commercial 3-T coil. RESULTS: The 7-T transmit array driven with phase-coherent RF shim weights provided adequate B1 efficiency and uniformity for turbo spin echo shoulder imaging. B1 twisting that is characteristic of high-field loop coils necessitates distinct RF shim weights in the right and left shoulders. The 7-T receive array provided a 2-fold signal-to-noise ratio improvement over the 3-T array in the deep articular shoulder cartilage. CONCLUSIONS: Shoulder imaging at 7-T is feasible with a custom transmit/receive array either in a single-channel transmit mode with a fixed RF shim or in a parallel transmit mode with a subject-specific RF shim.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the image quality of T1-weighted fat-suppressed breast MRI at 7 T and to compare 7-T and 3-T images. METHODS: Seventeen subjects were imaged using a 7-T bilateral transmit-receive coil and 3D gradient echo sequence with adiabatic inversion-based fat suppression (FS). Images were graded on a five-point scale and quantitatively assessed through signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), fibroglandular/fat contrast and signal uniformity measurements. RESULTS: Image scores at 7 and 3 T were similar on standard-resolution images (1.1 x 1.1 x 1.1-1.6 mm(3)), indicating that high-quality breast imaging with clinical parameters can be performed at 7 T. The 7-T SNR advantage was underscored on 0.6-mm isotropic images, where image quality was significantly greater than at 3 T (4.2 versus 3.1, P