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Effects of Intestinal Fungi and Viruses on Immune Responses and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Iliev, Iliyan D; Cadwell, Ken
The intestinal microbiota comprises diverse fungal and viral components, in addition to bacteria. These microbes interact with the immune system and affect human physiology. Advances in metagenomics have associated inflammatory and autoimmune diseases with alterations in fungal and viral species in the gut. Studies of animal models have found that commensal fungi and viruses can activate host-protective immune pathways related to epithelial barrier integrity, but can also induce reactions that contribute to events associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Changes in our environment associated with modernization and the COVID-19 pandemic have exposed humans to new fungi and viruses, with unknown consequences. We review the lessons learned from studies of animal viruses and fungi commonly detected in the human gut and how these might affect health and intestinal disease.
PMCID:7956156
PMID: 33347881
ISSN: 1528-0012
CID: 4814582

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

Klionsky, Daniel J; Abdel-Aziz, Amal Kamal; Abdelfatah, Sara; Abdellatif, Mahmoud; Abdoli, Asghar; Abel, Steffen; Abeliovich, Hagai; Abildgaard, Marie H; Abudu, Yakubu Princely; Acevedo-Arozena, Abraham; Adamopoulos, Iannis E; Adeli, Khosrow; Adolph, Timon E; Adornetto, Annagrazia; Aflaki, Elma; Agam, Galila; Agarwal, Anupam; Aggarwal, Bharat B; Agnello, Maria; Agostinis, Patrizia; Agrewala, Javed N; Agrotis, Alexander; Aguilar, Patricia V; Ahmad, S Tariq; Ahmed, Zubair M; Ahumada-Castro, Ulises; Aits, Sonja; Aizawa, Shu; Akkoc, Yunus; Akoumianaki, Tonia; Akpinar, Hafize Aysin; Al-Abd, Ahmed M; Al-Akra, Lina; Al-Gharaibeh, Abeer; Alaoui-Jamali, Moulay A; Alberti, Simon; Alcocer-Gómez, Elísabet; Alessandri, Cristiano; Ali, Muhammad; Alim Al-Bari, M Abdul; Aliwaini, Saeb; Alizadeh, Javad; Almacellas, Eugènia; Almasan, Alexandru; Alonso, Alicia; Alonso, Guillermo D; Altan-Bonnet, Nihal; Altieri, Dario C; Álvarez, Élida M C; Alves, Sara; Alves da Costa, Cristine; Alzaharna, Mazen M; Amadio, Marialaura; Amantini, Consuelo; Amaral, Cristina; Ambrosio, Susanna; Amer, Amal O; Ammanathan, Veena; An, Zhenyi; Andersen, Stig U; Andrabi, Shaida A; Andrade-Silva, Magaiver; Andres, Allen M; Angelini, Sabrina; Ann, David; Anozie, Uche C; Ansari, Mohammad Y; Antas, Pedro; Antebi, Adam; Antón, Zuriñe; Anwar, Tahira; Apetoh, Lionel; Apostolova, Nadezda; Araki, Toshiyuki; Araki, Yasuhiro; Arasaki, Kohei; Araújo, Wagner L; Araya, Jun; Arden, Catherine; Arévalo, Maria-Angeles; Arguelles, Sandro; Arias, Esperanza; Arikkath, Jyothi; Arimoto, Hirokazu; Ariosa, Aileen R; Armstrong-James, Darius; Arnauné-Pelloquin, Laetitia; Aroca, Angeles; Arroyo, Daniela S; Arsov, Ivica; Artero, Rubén; Asaro, Dalia Maria Lucia; Aschner, Michael; Ashrafizadeh, Milad; Ashur-Fabian, Osnat; Atanasov, Atanas G; Au, Alicia K; Auberger, Patrick; Auner, Holger W; Aurelian, Laure; Autelli, Riccardo; Avagliano, Laura; Ávalos, Yenniffer; Aveic, Sanja; Aveleira, Célia Alexandra; Avin-Wittenberg, Tamar; Aydin, Yucel; Ayton, Scott; Ayyadevara, Srinivas; Azzopardi, Maria; Baba, Misuzu; Backer, Jonathan M; Backues, Steven K; Bae, Dong-Hun; Bae, Ok-Nam; Bae, Soo Han; Baehrecke, Eric H; Baek, Ahruem; Baek, Seung-Hoon; Baek, Sung Hee; Bagetta, Giacinto; Bagniewska-Zadworna, Agnieszka; Bai, Hua; Bai, Jie; Bai, Xiyuan; Bai, Yidong; Bairagi, Nandadulal; Baksi, Shounak; Balbi, Teresa; Baldari, Cosima T; Balduini, Walter; Ballabio, Andrea; Ballester, Maria; Balazadeh, Salma; Balzan, Rena; Bandopadhyay, Rina; Banerjee, Sreeparna; Banerjee, Sulagna; Bánréti, Ágnes; Bao, Yan; Baptista, Mauricio S; Baracca, Alessandra; Barbati, Cristiana; Bargiela, Ariadna; Barilà, Daniela; Barlow, Peter G; Barmada, Sami J; Barreiro, Esther; Barreto, George E; Bartek, Jiri; Bartel, Bonnie; Bartolome, Alberto; Barve, Gaurav R; Basagoudanavar, Suresh H; Bassham, Diane C; Bast, Robert C; Basu, Alakananda; Batoko, Henri; Batten, Isabella; Baulieu, Etienne E; Baumgarner, Bradley L; Bayry, Jagadeesh; Beale, Rupert; Beau, Isabelle; Beaumatin, Florian; Bechara, Luiz R G; Beck, George R; Beers, Michael F; Begun, Jakob; Behrends, Christian; Behrens, Georg M N; Bei, Roberto; Bejarano, Eloy; Bel, Shai; Behl, Christian; Belaid, Amine; Belgareh-Touzé, Naïma; Bellarosa, Cristina; Belleudi, Francesca; Belló Pérez, Melissa; Bello-Morales, Raquel; Beltran, Jackeline Soares de Oliveira; Beltran, Sebastián; Benbrook, Doris Mangiaracina; Bendorius, Mykolas; Benitez, Bruno A; Benito-Cuesta, Irene; Bensalem, Julien; Berchtold, Martin W; Berezowska, Sabina; Bergamaschi, Daniele; Bergami, Matteo; Bergmann, Andreas; Berliocchi, Laura; Berlioz-Torrent, Clarisse; Bernard, Amélie; Berthoux, Lionel; Besirli, Cagri G; Besteiro, Sebastien; Betin, Virginie M; Beyaert, Rudi; Bezbradica, Jelena S; Bhaskar, Kiran; Bhatia-Kissova, Ingrid; Bhattacharya, Resham; Bhattacharya, Sujoy; Bhattacharyya, Shalmoli; Bhuiyan, Md Shenuarin; Bhutia, Sujit Kumar; Bi, Lanrong; Bi, Xiaolin; Biden, Trevor J; Bijian, Krikor; Billes, Viktor A; Binart, Nadine; Bincoletto, Claudia; Birgisdottir, Asa B; Bjorkoy, Geir; Blanco, Gonzalo; Blas-Garcia, Ana; Blasiak, Janusz; Blomgran, Robert; Blomgren, Klas; Blum, Janice S; Boada-Romero, Emilio; Boban, Mirta; Boesze-Battaglia, Kathleen; Boeuf, Philippe; Boland, Barry; Bomont, Pascale; Bonaldo, Paolo; Bonam, Srinivasa Reddy; Bonfili, Laura; Bonifacino, Juan S; Boone, Brian A; Bootman, Martin D; Bordi, Matteo; Borner, Christoph; Bornhauser, Beat C; Borthakur, Gautam; Bosch, Jürgen; Bose, Santanu; Botana, Luis M; Botas, Juan; Boulanger, Chantal M; Boulton, Michael E; Bourdenx, Mathieu; Bourgeois, Benjamin; Bourke, Nollaig M; Bousquet, Guilhem; Boya, Patricia; Bozhkov, Peter V; Bozi, Luiz H M; Bozkurt, Tolga O; Brackney, Doug E; Brandts, Christian H; Braun, Ralf J; Braus, Gerhard H; Bravo-Sagua, Roberto; Bravo-San Pedro, José M; Brest, Patrick; Bringer, Marie-Agnès; Briones-Herrera, Alfredo; Broaddus, V Courtney; Brodersen, Peter; Brodsky, Jeffrey L; Brody, Steven L; Bronson, Paola G; Bronstein, Jeff M; Brown, Carolyn N; Brown, Rhoderick E; Brum, Patricia C; Brumell, John H; Brunetti-Pierri, Nicola; Bruno, Daniele; Bryson-Richardson, Robert J; Bucci, Cecilia; Buchrieser, Carmen; Bueno, Marta; Buitrago-Molina, Laura Elisa; Buraschi, Simone; Buch, Shilpa; Buchan, J Ross; Buckingham, Erin M; Budak, Hikmet; Budini, Mauricio; Bultynck, Geert; Burada, Florin; Burgoyne, Joseph R; Burón, M Isabel; Bustos, Victor; Büttner, Sabrina; Butturini, Elena; Byrd, Aaron; Cabas, Isabel; Cabrera-Benitez, Sandra; Cadwell, Ken; Cai, Jingjing; Cai, Lu; Cai, Qian; Cairó, Montserrat; Calbet, Jose A; Caldwell, Guy A; Caldwell, Kim A; Call, Jarrod A; Calvani, Riccardo; Calvo, Ana C; Calvo-Rubio Barrera, Miguel; Camara, Niels Os; Camonis, Jacques H; Camougrand, Nadine; Campanella, Michelangelo; Campbell, Edward M; Campbell-Valois, François-Xavier; Campello, Silvia; Campesi, Ilaria; Campos, Juliane C; Camuzard, Olivier; Cancino, Jorge; Candido de Almeida, Danilo; Canesi, Laura; Caniggia, Isabella; Canonico, Barbara; Cantí, Carles; Cao, Bin; Caraglia, Michele; Caramés, Beatriz; Carchman, Evie H; Cardenal-Muñoz, Elena; Cardenas, Cesar; Cardenas, Luis; Cardoso, Sandra M; Carew, Jennifer S; Carle, Georges F; Carleton, Gillian; Carloni, Silvia; Carmona-Gutierrez, Didac; Carneiro, Leticia A; Carnevali, Oliana; Carosi, Julian M; Carra, Serena; Carrier, Alice; Carrier, Lucie; Carroll, Bernadette; Carter, A Brent; Carvalho, Andreia Neves; Casanova, Magali; Casas, Caty; Casas, Josefina; Cassioli, Chiara; Castillo, Eliseo F; Castillo, Karen; Castillo-Lluva, Sonia; Castoldi, Francesca; Castori, Marco; Castro, Ariel F; Castro-Caldas, Margarida; Castro-Hernandez, Javier; Castro-Obregon, Susana; Catz, Sergio D; Cavadas, Claudia; Cavaliere, Federica; Cavallini, Gabriella; Cavinato, Maria; Cayuela, Maria L; Cebollada Rica, Paula; Cecarini, Valentina; Cecconi, Francesco; Cechowska-Pasko, Marzanna; Cenci, Simone; Ceperuelo-Mallafré, Victòria; Cerqueira, João J; Cerutti, Janete M; Cervia, Davide; Cetintas, Vildan Bozok; Cetrullo, Silvia; Chae, Han-Jung; Chagin, Andrei S; Chai, Chee-Yin; Chakrabarti, Gopal; Chakrabarti, Oishee; Chakraborty, Tapas; Chakraborty, Trinad; Chami, Mounia; Chamilos, Georgios; Chan, David W; Chan, Edmond Y W; Chan, Edward D; Chan, H Y Edwin; Chan, Helen H; Chan, Hung; Chan, Matthew T V; Chan, Yau Sang; Chandra, Partha K; Chang, Chih-Peng; Chang, Chunmei; Chang, Hao-Chun; Chang, Kai; Chao, Jie; Chapman, Tracey; Charlet-Berguerand, Nicolas; Chatterjee, Samrat; Chaube, Shail K; Chaudhary, Anu; Chauhan, Santosh; Chaum, Edward; Checler, Frédéric; Cheetham, Michael E; Chen, Chang-Shi; Chen, Guang-Chao; Chen, Jian-Fu; Chen, Liam L; Chen, Leilei; Chen, Lin; Chen, Mingliang; Chen, Mu-Kuan; Chen, Ning; Chen, Quan; Chen, Ruey-Hwa; Chen, Shi; Chen, Wei; Chen, Weiqiang; Chen, Xin-Ming; Chen, Xiong-Wen; Chen, Xu; Chen, Yan; Chen, Ye-Guang; Chen, Yingyu; Chen, Yongqiang; Chen, Yu-Jen; Chen, Yue-Qin; Chen, Zhefan Stephen; Chen, Zhi; Chen, Zhi-Hua; Chen, Zhijian J; Chen, Zhixiang; Cheng, Hanhua; Cheng, Jun; Cheng, Shi-Yuan; Cheng, Wei; Cheng, Xiaodong; Cheng, Xiu-Tang; Cheng, Yiyun; Cheng, Zhiyong; Chen, Zhong; Cheong, Heesun; Cheong, Jit Kong; Chernyak, Boris V; Cherry, Sara; Cheung, Chi Fai Randy; Cheung, Chun Hei Antonio; Cheung, King-Ho; Chevet, Eric; Chi, Richard J; Chiang, Alan Kwok Shing; Chiaradonna, Ferdinando; Chiarelli, Roberto; Chiariello, Mario; Chica, Nathalia; Chiocca, Susanna; Chiong, Mario; Chiou, Shih-Hwa; Chiramel, Abhilash I; Chiurchiù, Valerio; Cho, Dong-Hyung; Choe, Seong-Kyu; Choi, Augustine M K; Choi, Mary E; Choudhury, Kamalika Roy; Chow, Norman S; Chu, Charleen T; Chua, Jason P; Chua, John Jia En; Chung, Hyewon; Chung, Kin Pan; Chung, Seockhoon; Chung, So-Hyang; Chung, Yuen-Li; Cianfanelli, Valentina; Ciechomska, Iwona A; Cifuentes, Mariana; Cinque, Laura; Cirak, Sebahattin; Cirone, Mara; Clague, Michael J; Clarke, Robert; Clementi, Emilio; Coccia, Eliana M; Codogno, Patrice; Cohen, Ehud; Cohen, Mickael M; Colasanti, Tania; Colasuonno, Fiorella; Colbert, Robert A; Colell, Anna; ÄŒolić, Miodrag; Coll, Nuria S; Collins, Mark O; Colombo, María I; Colón-Ramos, Daniel A; Combaret, Lydie; Comincini, Sergio; Cominetti, Márcia R; Consiglio, Antonella; Conte, Andrea; Conti, Fabrizio; Contu, Viorica Raluca; Cookson, Mark R; Coombs, Kevin M; Coppens, Isabelle; Corasaniti, Maria Tiziana; Corkery, Dale P; Cordes, Nils; Cortese, Katia; Costa, Maria do Carmo; Costantino, Sarah; Costelli, Paola; Coto-Montes, Ana; Crack, Peter J; Crespo, Jose L; Criollo, Alfredo; Crippa, Valeria; Cristofani, Riccardo; Csizmadia, Tamas; Cuadrado, Antonio; Cui, Bing; Cui, Jun; Cui, Yixian; Cui, Yong; Culetto, Emmanuel; Cumino, Andrea C; Cybulsky, Andrey V; Czaja, Mark J; Czuczwar, Stanislaw J; D'Adamo, Stefania; D'Amelio, Marcello; D'Arcangelo, Daniela; D'Lugos, Andrew C; D'Orazi, Gabriella; da Silva, James A; Dafsari, Hormos Salimi; Dagda, Ruben K; Dagdas, Yasin; Daglia, Maria; Dai, Xiaoxia; Dai, Yun; Dai, Yuyuan; Dal Col, Jessica; Dalhaimer, Paul; Dalla Valle, Luisa; Dallenga, Tobias; Dalmasso, Guillaume; Damme, Markus; Dando, Ilaria; Dantuma, Nico P; Darling, April L; Das, Hiranmoy; Dasarathy, Srinivasan; Dasari, Santosh K; Dash, Srikanta; Daumke, Oliver; Dauphinee, Adrian N; Davies, Jeffrey S; Dávila, Valeria A; Davis, Roger J; Davis, Tanja; Dayalan Naidu, Sharadha; De Amicis, Francesca; De Bosscher, Karolien; De Felice, Francesca; De Franceschi, Lucia; De Leonibus, Chiara; de Mattos Barbosa, Mayara G; De Meyer, Guido R Y; De Milito, Angelo; De Nunzio, Cosimo; De Palma, Clara; De Santi, Mauro; De Virgilio, Claudio; De Zio, Daniela; Debnath, Jayanta; DeBosch, Brian J; Decuypere, Jean-Paul; Deehan, Mark A; Deflorian, Gianluca; DeGregori, James; Dehay, Benjamin; Del Rio, Gabriel; Delaney, Joe R; Delbridge, Lea M D; Delorme-Axford, Elizabeth; Delpino, M Victoria; Demarchi, Francesca; Dembitz, Vilma; Demers, Nicholas D; Deng, Hongbin; Deng, Zhiqiang; Dengjel, Joern; Dent, Paul; Denton, Donna; DePamphilis, Melvin L; Der, Channing J; Deretic, Vojo; Descoteaux, Albert; Devis, Laura; Devkota, Sushil; Devuyst, Olivier; Dewson, Grant; Dharmasivam, Mahendiran; Dhiman, Rohan; di Bernardo, Diego; Di Cristina, Manlio; Di Domenico, Fabio; Di Fazio, Pietro; Di Fonzo, Alessio; Di Guardo, Giovanni; Di Guglielmo, Gianni M; Di Leo, Luca; Di Malta, Chiara; Di Nardo, Alessia; Di Rienzo, Martina; Di Sano, Federica; Diallinas, George; Diao, Jiajie; Diaz-Araya, Guillermo; Díaz-Laviada, Inés; Dickinson, Jared M; Diederich, Marc; Dieudé, Mélanie; Dikic, Ivan; Ding, Shiping; Ding, Wen-Xing; Dini, Luciana; Dinić, Jelena; Dinic, Miroslav; Dinkova-Kostova, Albena T; Dionne, Marc S; Distler, Jörg H W; Diwan, Abhinav; Dixon, Ian M C; Djavaheri-Mergny, Mojgan; Dobrinski, Ina; Dobrovinskaya, Oxana; Dobrowolski, Radek; Dobson, Renwick C J; Đokić, Jelena; Dokmeci Emre, Serap; Donadelli, Massimo; Dong, Bo; Dong, Xiaonan; Dong, Zhiwu; Dorn Ii, Gerald W; Dotsch, Volker; Dou, Huan; Dou, Juan; Dowaidar, Moataz; Dridi, Sami; Drucker, Liat; Du, Ailian; Du, Caigan; Du, Guangwei; Du, Hai-Ning; Du, Li-Lin; du Toit, André; Duan, Shao-Bin; Duan, Xiaoqiong; Duarte, Sónia P; Dubrovska, Anna; Dunlop, Elaine A; Dupont, Nicolas; Durán, Raúl V; Dwarakanath, Bilikere S; Dyshlovoy, Sergey A; Ebrahimi-Fakhari, Darius; Eckhart, Leopold; Edelstein, Charles L; Efferth, Thomas; Eftekharpour, Eftekhar; Eichinger, Ludwig; Eid, Nabil; Eisenberg, Tobias; Eissa, N Tony; Eissa, Sanaa; Ejarque, Miriam; El Andaloussi, Abdeljabar; El-Hage, Nazira; El-Naggar, Shahenda; Eleuteri, Anna Maria; El-Shafey, Eman S; Elgendy, Mohamed; Eliopoulos, Aristides G; Elizalde, María M; Elks, Philip M; Elsasser, Hans-Peter; Elsherbiny, Eslam S; Emerling, Brooke M; Emre, N C Tolga; Eng, Christina H; Engedal, Nikolai; Engelbrecht, Anna-Mart; Engelsen, Agnete S T; Enserink, Jorrit M; Escalante, Ricardo; Esclatine, Audrey; Escobar-Henriques, Mafalda; Eskelinen, Eeva-Liisa; Espert, Lucile; Eusebio, Makandjou-Ola; Fabrias, Gemma; Fabrizi, Cinzia; Facchiano, Antonio; Facchiano, Francesco; Fadeel, Bengt; Fader, Claudio; Faesen, Alex C; Fairlie, W Douglas; Falcó, Alberto; Falkenburger, Bjorn H; Fan, Daping; Fan, Jie; Fan, Yanbo; Fang, Evandro F; Fang, Yanshan; Fang, Yognqi; Fanto, Manolis; Farfel-Becker, Tamar; Faure, Mathias; Fazeli, Gholamreza; Fedele, Anthony O; Feldman, Arthur M; Feng, Du; Feng, Jiachun; Feng, Lifeng; Feng, Yibin; Feng, Yuchen; Feng, Wei; Fenz Araujo, Thais; Ferguson, Thomas A; Fernández, Álvaro F; Fernandez-Checa, Jose C; Fernández-Veledo, Sonia; Fernie, Alisdair R; Ferrante, Anthony W; Ferraresi, Alessandra; Ferrari, Merari F; Ferreira, Julio C B; Ferro-Novick, Susan; Figueras, Antonio; Filadi, Riccardo; Filigheddu, Nicoletta; Filippi-Chiela, Eduardo; Filomeni, Giuseppe; Fimia, Gian Maria; Fineschi, Vittorio; Finetti, Francesca; Finkbeiner, Steven; Fisher, Edward A; Fisher, Paul B; Flamigni, Flavio; Fliesler, Steven J; Flo, Trude H; Florance, Ida; Florey, Oliver; Florio, Tullio; Fodor, Erika; Follo, Carlo; Fon, Edward A; Forlino, Antonella; Fornai, Francesco; Fortini, Paola; Fracassi, Anna; Fraldi, Alessandro; Franco, Brunella; Franco, Rodrigo; Franconi, Flavia; Frankel, Lisa B; Friedman, Scott L; Fröhlich, Leopold F; Frühbeck, Gema; Fuentes, Jose M; Fujiki, Yukio; Fujita, Naonobu; Fujiwara, Yuuki; Fukuda, Mitsunori; Fulda, Simone; Furic, Luc; Furuya, Norihiko; Fusco, Carmela; Gack, Michaela U; Gaffke, Lidia; Galadari, Sehamuddin; Galasso, Alessia; Galindo, Maria F; Gallolu Kankanamalage, Sachith; Galluzzi, Lorenzo; Galy, Vincent; Gammoh, Noor; Gan, Boyi; Ganley, Ian G; Gao, Feng; Gao, Hui; Gao, Minghui; Gao, Ping; Gao, Shou-Jiang; Gao, Wentao; Gao, Xiaobo; Garcera, Ana; Garcia, Maria Noé; Garcia, Verónica E; García-Del Portillo, Francisco; Garcia-Escudero, Vega; Garcia-Garcia, Aracely; Garcia-Macia, Marina; García-Moreno, Diana; Garcia-Ruiz, Carmen; García-Sanz, Patricia; Garg, Abhishek D; Gargini, Ricardo; Garofalo, Tina; Garry, Robert F; Gassen, Nils C; Gatica, Damian; Ge, Liang; Ge, Wanzhong; Geiss-Friedlander, Ruth; Gelfi, Cecilia; Genschik, Pascal; Gentle, Ian E; Gerbino, Valeria; Gerhardt, Christoph; Germain, Kyla; Germain, Marc; Gewirtz, David A; Ghasemipour Afshar, Elham; Ghavami, Saeid; Ghigo, Alessandra; Ghosh, Manosij; Giamas, Georgios; Giampietri, Claudia; Giatromanolaki, Alexandra; Gibson, Gary E; Gibson, Spencer B; Ginet, Vanessa; Giniger, Edward; Giorgi, Carlotta; Girao, Henrique; Girardin, Stephen E; Giridharan, Mridhula; Giuliano, Sandy; Giulivi, Cecilia; Giuriato, Sylvie; Giustiniani, Julien; Gluschko, Alexander; Goder, Veit; Goginashvili, Alexander; Golab, Jakub; Goldstone, David C; Golebiewska, Anna; Gomes, Luciana R; Gomez, Rodrigo; Gómez-Sánchez, Rubén; Gomez-Puerto, Maria Catalina; Gomez-Sintes, Raquel; Gong, Qingqiu; Goni, Felix M; González-Gallego, Javier; Gonzalez-Hernandez, Tomas; Gonzalez-Polo, Rosa A; Gonzalez-Reyes, Jose A; González-Rodríguez, Patricia; Goping, Ing Swie; Gorbatyuk, Marina S; Gorbunov, Nikolai V; Görgülü, Kıvanç; Gorojod, Roxana M; Gorski, Sharon M; Goruppi, Sandro; Gotor, Cecilia; Gottlieb, Roberta A; Gozes, Illana; Gozuacik, Devrim; Graef, Martin; Gräler, Markus H; Granatiero, Veronica; Grasso, Daniel; Gray, Joshua P; Green, Douglas R; Greenhough, Alexander; Gregory, Stephen L; Griffin, Edward F; Grinstaff, Mark W; Gros, Frederic; Grose, Charles; Gross, Angelina S; Gruber, Florian; Grumati, Paolo; Grune, Tilman; Gu, Xueyan; Guan, Jun-Lin; Guardia, Carlos M; Guda, Kishore; Guerra, Flora; Guerri, Consuelo; Guha, Prasun; Guillén, Carlos; Gujar, Shashi; Gukovskaya, Anna; Gukovsky, Ilya; Gunst, Jan; Günther, Andreas; Guntur, Anyonya R; Guo, Chuanyong; Guo, Chun; Guo, Hongqing; Guo, Lian-Wang; Guo, Ming; Gupta, Pawan; Gupta, Shashi Kumar; Gupta, Swapnil; Gupta, Veer Bala; Gupta, Vivek; Gustafsson, Asa B; Gutterman, David D; H B, Ranjitha; Haapasalo, Annakaisa; Haber, James E; Hać, Aleksandra; Hadano, Shinji; Hafrén, Anders J; Haidar, Mansour; Hall, Belinda S; Halldén, Gunnel; Hamacher-Brady, Anne; Hamann, Andrea; Hamasaki, Maho; Han, Weidong; Hansen, Malene; Hanson, Phyllis I; Hao, Zijian; Harada, Masaru; Harhaji-Trajkovic, Ljubica; Hariharan, Nirmala; Haroon, Nigil; Harris, James; Hasegawa, Takafumi; Hasima Nagoor, Noor; Haspel, Jeffrey A; Haucke, Volker; Hawkins, Wayne D; Hay, Bruce A; Haynes, Cole M; Hayrabedyan, Soren B; Hays, Thomas S; He, Congcong; He, Qin; He, Rong-Rong; He, You-Wen; He, Yu-Ying; Heakal, Yasser; Heberle, Alexander M; Hejtmancik, J Fielding; Helgason, Gudmundur Vignir; Henkel, Vanessa; Herb, Marc; Hergovich, Alexander; Herman-Antosiewicz, Anna; Hernández, Agustín; Hernandez, Carlos; Hernandez-Diaz, Sergio; Hernandez-Gea, Virginia; Herpin, Amaury; Herreros, Judit; Hervás, Javier H; Hesselson, Daniel; Hetz, Claudio; Heussler, Volker T; Higuchi, Yujiro; Hilfiker, Sabine; Hill, Joseph A; Hlavacek, William S; Ho, Emmanuel A; Ho, Idy H T; Ho, Philip Wing-Lok; Ho, Shu-Leong; Ho, Wan Yun; Hobbs, G Aaron; Hochstrasser, Mark; Hoet, Peter H M; Hofius, Daniel; Hofman, Paul; Höhn, Annika; Holmberg, Carina I; Hombrebueno, Jose R; Yi-Ren Hong, Chang-Won Hong; Hooper, Lora V; Hoppe, Thorsten; Horos, Rastislav; Hoshida, Yujin; Hsin, I-Lun; Hsu, Hsin-Yun; Hu, Bing; Hu, Dong; Hu, Li-Fang; Hu, Ming Chang; Hu, Ronggui; Hu, Wei; Hu, Yu-Chen; Hu, Zhuo-Wei; Hua, Fang; Hua, Jinlian; Hua, Yingqi; Huan, Chongmin; Huang, Canhua; Huang, Chuanshu; Huang, Chuanxin; Huang, Chunling; Huang, Haishan; Huang, Kun; Huang, Michael L H; Huang, Rui; Huang, Shan; Huang, Tianzhi; Huang, Xing; Huang, Yuxiang Jack; Huber, Tobias B; Hubert, Virginie; Hubner, Christian A; Hughes, Stephanie M; Hughes, William E; Humbert, Magali; Hummer, Gerhard; Hurley, James H; Hussain, Sabah; Hussain, Salik; Hussey, Patrick J; Hutabarat, Martina; Hwang, Hui-Yun; Hwang, Seungmin; Ieni, Antonio; Ikeda, Fumiyo; Imagawa, Yusuke; Imai, Yuzuru; Imbriano, Carol; Imoto, Masaya; Inman, Denise M; Inoki, Ken; Iovanna, Juan; Iozzo, Renato V; Ippolito, Giuseppe; Irazoqui, Javier E; Iribarren, Pablo; Ishaq, Mohd; Ishikawa, Makoto; Ishimwe, Nestor; Isidoro, Ciro; Ismail, Nahed; Issazadeh-Navikas, Shohreh; Itakura, Eisuke; Ito, Daisuke; Ivankovic, Davor; Ivanova, SaÅ¡ka; Iyer, Anand Krishnan V; Izquierdo, José M; Izumi, Masanori; Jäättelä, Marja; Jabir, Majid Sakhi; Jackson, William T; Jacobo-Herrera, Nadia; Jacomin, Anne-Claire; Jacquin, Elise; Jadiya, Pooja; Jaeschke, Hartmut; Jagannath, Chinnaswamy; Jakobi, Arjen J; Jakobsson, Johan; Janji, Bassam; Jansen-Dürr, Pidder; Jansson, Patric J; Jantsch, Jonathan; Januszewski, SÅ‚awomir; Jassey, Alagie; Jean, Steve; Jeltsch-David, Hélène; Jendelova, Pavla; Jenny, Andreas; Jensen, Thomas E; Jessen, Niels; Jewell, Jenna L; Ji, Jing; Jia, Lijun; Jia, Rui; Jiang, Liwen; Jiang, Qing; Jiang, Richeng; Jiang, Teng; Jiang, Xuejun; Jiang, Yu; Jimenez-Sanchez, Maria; Jin, Eun-Jung; Jin, Fengyan; Jin, Hongchuan; Jin, Li; Jin, Luqi; Jin, Meiyan; Jin, Si; Jo, Eun-Kyeong; Joffre, Carine; Johansen, Terje; Johnson, Gail V W; Johnston, Simon A; Jokitalo, Eija; Jolly, Mohit Kumar; Joosten, Leo A B; Jordan, Joaquin; Joseph, Bertrand; Ju, Dianwen; Ju, Jeong-Sun; Ju, Jingfang; Juárez, Esmeralda; Judith, Delphine; Juhász, Gábor; Jun, Youngsoo; Jung, Chang Hwa; Jung, Sung-Chul; Jung, Yong Keun; Jungbluth, Heinz; Jungverdorben, Johannes; Just, Steffen; Kaarniranta, Kai; Kaasik, Allen; Kabuta, Tomohiro; Kaganovich, Daniel; Kahana, Alon; Kain, Renate; Kajimura, Shinjo; Kalamvoki, Maria; Kalia, Manjula; Kalinowski, Danuta S; Kaludercic, Nina; Kalvari, Ioanna; Kaminska, Joanna; Kaminskyy, Vitaliy O; Kanamori, Hiromitsu; Kanasaki, Keizo; Kang, Chanhee; Kang, Rui; Kang, Sang Sun; Kaniyappan, Senthilvelrajan; Kanki, Tomotake; Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi; Kanthasamy, Anumantha G; Kanthasamy, Arthi; Kantorow, Marc; Kapuy, Orsolya; Karamouzis, Michalis V; Karim, Md Razaul; Karmakar, Parimal; Katare, Rajesh G; Kato, Masaru; Kaufmann, Stefan H E; Kauppinen, Anu; Kaushal, Gur P; Kaushik, Susmita; Kawasaki, Kiyoshi; Kazan, Kemal; Ke, Po-Yuan; Keating, Damien J; Keber, Ursula; Kehrl, John H; Keller, Kate E; Keller, Christian W; Kemper, Jongsook Kim; Kenific, Candia M; Kepp, Oliver; Kermorgant, Stephanie; Kern, Andreas; Ketteler, Robin; Keulers, Tom G; Khalfin, Boris; Khalil, Hany; Khambu, Bilon; Khan, Shahid Y; Khandelwal, Vinoth Kumar Megraj; Khandia, Rekha; Kho, Widuri; Khobrekar, Noopur V; Khuansuwan, Sataree; Khundadze, Mukhran; Killackey, Samuel A; Kim, Dasol; Kim, Deok Ryong; Kim, Do-Hyung; Kim, Dong-Eun; Kim, Eun Young; Kim, Eun-Kyoung; Kim, Hak-Rim; Kim, Hee-Sik; Kim, Jeong Hun; Kim, Jin Kyung; Kim, Jin-Hoi; Kim, Joungmok; Kim, Ju Hwan; Kim, Keun Il; Kim, Peter K; Kim, Seong-Jun; Kimball, Scot R; Kimchi, Adi; Kimmelman, Alec C; Kimura, Tomonori; King, Matthew A; Kinghorn, Kerri J; Kinsey, Conan G; Kirkin, Vladimir; Kirshenbaum, Lorrie A; Kiselev, Sergey L; Kishi, Shuji; Kitamoto, Katsuhiko; Kitaoka, Yasushi; Kitazato, Kaio; Kitsis, Richard N; Kittler, Josef T; Kjaerulff, Ole; Klein, Peter S; Klopstock, Thomas; Klucken, Jochen; Knævelsrud, Helene; Knorr, Roland L; Ko, Ben C B; Ko, Fred; Ko, Jiunn-Liang; Kobayashi, Hotaka; Kobayashi, Satoru; Koch, Ina; Koch, Jan C; Koenig, Ulrich; Kögel, Donat; Koh, Young Ho; Koike, Masato; Kohlwein, Sepp D; Kocaturk, Nur M; Komatsu, Masaaki; König, Jeannette; Kono, Toru; Kopp, Benjamin T; Korcsmaros, Tamas; Korkmaz, Gözde; Korolchuk, Viktor I; Korsnes, Mónica Suárez; Koskela, Ali; Kota, Janaiah; Kotake, Yaichiro; Kotler, Monica L; Kou, Yanjun; Koukourakis, Michael I; Koustas, Evangelos; Kovacs, Attila L; Kovács, Tibor; Koya, Daisuke; Kozako, Tomohiro; Kraft, Claudine; Krainc, Dimitri; Krämer, Helmut; Krasnodembskaya, Anna D; Kretz-Remy, Carole; Kroemer, Guido; Ktistakis, Nicholas T; Kuchitsu, Kazuyuki; Kuenen, Sabine; Kuerschner, Lars; Kukar, Thomas; Kumar, Ajay; Kumar, Ashok; Kumar, Deepak; Kumar, Dhiraj; Kumar, Sharad; Kume, Shinji; Kumsta, Caroline; Kundu, Chanakya N; Kundu, Mondira; Kunnumakkara, Ajaikumar B; Kurgan, Lukasz; Kutateladze, Tatiana G; Kutlu, Ozlem; Kwak, SeongAe; Kwon, Ho Jeong; Kwon, Taeg Kyu; Kwon, Yong Tae; Kyrmizi, Irene; La Spada, Albert; Labonté, Patrick; Ladoire, Sylvain; Laface, Ilaria; Lafont, Frank; Lagace, Diane C; Lahiri, Vikramjit; Lai, Zhibing; Laird, Angela S; Lakkaraju, Aparna; Lamark, Trond; Lan, Sheng-Hui; Landajuela, Ane; Lane, Darius J R; Lane, Jon D; Lang, Charles H; Lange, Carsten; Langel, Ülo; Langer, Rupert; Lapaquette, Pierre; Laporte, Jocelyn; LaRusso, Nicholas F; Lastres-Becker, Isabel; Lau, Wilson Chun Yu; Laurie, Gordon W; Lavandero, Sergio; Law, Betty Yuen Kwan; Law, Helen Ka-Wai; Layfield, Rob; Le, Weidong; Le Stunff, Herve; Leary, Alexandre Y; Lebrun, Jean-Jacques; Leck, Lionel Y W; Leduc-Gaudet, Jean-Philippe; Lee, Changwook; Lee, Chung-Pei; Lee, Da-Hye; Lee, Edward B; Lee, Erinna F; Lee, Gyun Min; Lee, He-Jin; Lee, Heung Kyu; Lee, Jae Man; Lee, Jason S; Lee, Jin-A; Lee, Joo-Yong; Lee, Jun Hee; Lee, Michael; Lee, Min Goo; Lee, Min Jae; Lee, Myung-Shik; Lee, Sang Yoon; Lee, Seung-Jae; Lee, Stella Y; Lee, Sung Bae; Lee, Won Hee; Lee, Ying-Ray; Lee, Yong-Ho; Lee, Youngil; Lefebvre, Christophe; Legouis, Renaud; Lei, Yu L; Lei, Yuchen; Leikin, Sergey; Leitinger, Gerd; Lemus, Leticia; Leng, Shuilong; Lenoir, Olivia; Lenz, Guido; Lenz, Heinz Josef; Lenzi, Paola; León, Yolanda; Leopoldino, Andréia M; Leschczyk, Christoph; Leskelä, Stina; Letellier, Elisabeth; Leung, Chi-Ting; Leung, Po Sing; Leventhal, Jeremy S; Levine, Beth; Lewis, Patrick A; Ley, Klaus; Li, Bin; Li, Da-Qiang; Li, Jianming; Li, Jing; Li, Jiong; Li, Ke; Li, Liwu; Li, Mei; Li, Min; Li, Min; Li, Ming; Li, Mingchuan; Li, Pin-Lan; Li, Ming-Qing; Li, Qing; Li, Sheng; Li, Tiangang; Li, Wei; Li, Wenming; Li, Xue; Li, Yi-Ping; Li, Yuan; Li, Zhiqiang; Li, Zhiyong; Li, Zhiyuan; Lian, Jiqin; Liang, Chengyu; Liang, Qiangrong; Liang, Weicheng; Liang, Yongheng; Liang, YongTian; Liao, Guanghong; Liao, Lujian; Liao, Mingzhi; Liao, Yung-Feng; Librizzi, Mariangela; Lie, Pearl P Y; Lilly, Mary A; Lim, Hyunjung J; Lima, Thania R R; Limana, Federica; Lin, Chao; Lin, Chih-Wen; Lin, Dar-Shong; Lin, Fu-Cheng; Lin, Jiandie D; Lin, Kurt M; Lin, Kwang-Huei; Lin, Liang-Tzung; Lin, Pei-Hui; Lin, Qiong; Lin, Shaofeng; Lin, Su-Ju; Lin, Wenyu; Lin, Xueying; Lin, Yao-Xin; Lin, Yee-Shin; Linden, Rafael; Lindner, Paula; Ling, Shuo-Chien; Lingor, Paul; Linnemann, Amelia K; Liou, Yih-Cherng; Lipinski, Marta M; LipovÅ¡ek, SaÅ¡ka; Lira, Vitor A; Lisiak, Natalia; Liton, Paloma B; Liu, Chao; Liu, Ching-Hsuan; Liu, Chun-Feng; Liu, Cui Hua; Liu, Fang; Liu, Hao; Liu, Hsiao-Sheng; Liu, Hua-Feng; Liu, Huifang; Liu, Jia; Liu, Jing; Liu, Julia; Liu, Leyuan; Liu, Longhua; Liu, Meilian; Liu, Qin; Liu, Wei; Liu, Wende; Liu, Xiao-Hong; Liu, Xiaodong; Liu, Xingguo; Liu, Xu; Liu, Xuedong; Liu, Yanfen; Liu, Yang; Liu, Yang; Liu, Yueyang; Liu, Yule; Livingston, J Andrew; Lizard, Gerard; Lizcano, Jose M; Ljubojevic-Holzer, Senka; LLeonart, Matilde E; Llobet-Navàs, David; Llorente, Alicia; Lo, Chih Hung; Lobato-Márquez, Damián; Long, Qi; Long, Yun Chau; Loos, Ben; Loos, Julia A; López, Manuela G; López-Doménech, Guillermo; López-Guerrero, José Antonio; López-Jiménez, Ana T; López-Pérez, Óscar; López-Valero, Israel; Lorenowicz, Magdalena J; Lorente, Mar; Lorincz, Peter; Lossi, Laura; Lotersztajn, Sophie; Lovat, Penny E; Lovell, Jonathan F; Lovy, Alenka; LÅ‘w, Péter; Lu, Guang; Lu, Haocheng; Lu, Jia-Hong; Lu, Jin-Jian; Lu, Mengji; Lu, Shuyan; Luciani, Alessandro; Lucocq, John M; Ludovico, Paula; Luftig, Micah A; Luhr, Morten; Luis-Ravelo, Diego; Lum, Julian J; Luna-Dulcey, Liany; Lund, Anders H; Lund, Viktor K; Lünemann, Jan D; Lüningschrör, Patrick; Luo, Honglin; Luo, Rongcan; Luo, Shouqing; Luo, Zhi; Luparello, Claudio; Lüscher, Bernhard; Luu, Luan; Lyakhovich, Alex; Lyamzaev, Konstantin G; Lystad, Alf HÃ¥kon; Lytvynchuk, Lyubomyr; Ma, Alvin C; Ma, Changle; Ma, Mengxiao; Ma, Ning-Fang; Ma, Quan-Hong; Ma, Xinliang; Ma, Yueyun; Ma, Zhenyi; MacDougald, Ormond A; Macian, Fernando; MacIntosh, Gustavo C; MacKeigan, Jeffrey P; Macleod, Kay F; Maday, Sandra; Madeo, Frank; Madesh, Muniswamy; Madl, Tobias; Madrigal-Matute, Julio; Maeda, Akiko; Maejima, Yasuhiro; Magarinos, Marta; Mahavadi, Poornima; Maiani, Emiliano; Maiese, Kenneth; Maiti, Panchanan; Maiuri, Maria Chiara; Majello, Barbara; Major, Michael B; Makareeva, Elena; Malik, Fayaz; Mallilankaraman, Karthik; Malorni, Walter; Maloyan, Alina; Mammadova, Najiba; Man, Gene Chi Wai; Manai, Federico; Mancias, Joseph D; Mandelkow, Eva-Maria; Mandell, Michael A; Manfredi, Angelo A; Manjili, Masoud H; Manjithaya, Ravi; Manque, Patricio; Manshian, Bella B; Manzano, Raquel; Manzoni, Claudia; Mao, Kai; Marchese, Cinzia; Marchetti, Sandrine; Marconi, Anna Maria; Marcucci, Fabrizio; Mardente, Stefania; Mareninova, Olga A; Margeta, Marta; Mari, Muriel; Marinelli, Sara; Marinelli, Oliviero; Mariño, Guillermo; Mariotto, Sofia; Marshall, Richard S; Marten, Mark R; Martens, Sascha; Martin, Alexandre P J; Martin, Katie R; Martin, Sara; Martin, Shaun; Martín-Segura, Adrián; Martín-Acebes, Miguel A; Martin-Burriel, Inmaculada; Martin-Rincon, Marcos; Martin-Sanz, Paloma; Martina, José A; Martinet, Wim; Martinez, Aitor; Martinez, Ana; Martinez, Jennifer; Martinez Velazquez, Moises; Martinez-Lopez, Nuria; Martinez-Vicente, Marta; Martins, Daniel O; Martins, Joilson O; Martins, Waleska K; Martins-Marques, Tania; Marzetti, Emanuele; Masaldan, Shashank; Masclaux-Daubresse, Celine; Mashek, Douglas G; Massa, Valentina; Massieu, Lourdes; Masson, Glenn R; Masuelli, Laura; Masyuk, Anatoliy I; Masyuk, Tetyana V; Matarrese, Paola; Matheu, Ander; Matoba, Satoaki; Matsuzaki, Sachiko; Mattar, Pamela; Matte, Alessandro; Mattoscio, Domenico; Mauriz, José L; Mauthe, Mario; Mauvezin, Caroline; Maverakis, Emanual; Maycotte, Paola; Mayer, Johanna; Mazzoccoli, Gianluigi; Mazzoni, Cristina; Mazzulli, Joseph R; McCarty, Nami; McDonald, Christine; McGill, Mitchell R; McKenna, Sharon L; McLaughlin, BethAnn; McLoughlin, Fionn; McNiven, Mark A; McWilliams, Thomas G; Mechta-Grigoriou, Fatima; Medeiros, Tania Catarina; Medina, Diego L; Megeney, Lynn A; Megyeri, Klara; Mehrpour, Maryam; Mehta, Jawahar L; Meijer, Alfred J; Meijer, Annemarie H; Mejlvang, Jakob; Meléndez, Alicia; Melk, Annette; Memisoglu, Gonen; Mendes, Alexandrina F; Meng, Delong; Meng, Fei; Meng, Tian; Menna-Barreto, Rubem; Menon, Manoj B; Mercer, Carol; Mercier, Anne E; Mergny, Jean-Louis; Merighi, Adalberto; Merkley, Seth D; Merla, Giuseppe; Meske, Volker; Mestre, Ana Cecilia; Metur, Shree Padma; Meyer, Christian; Meyer, Hemmo; Mi, Wenyi; Mialet-Perez, Jeanne; Miao, Junying; Micale, Lucia; Miki, Yasuo; Milan, Enrico; Milczarek, MaÅ‚gorzata; Miller, Dana L; Miller, Samuel I; Miller, Silke; Millward, Steven W; Milosevic, Ira; Minina, Elena A; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Hamid Reza; Mirzaei, Mehdi; Mishra, Amit; Mishra, Nandita; Mishra, Paras Kumar; Misirkic Marjanovic, Maja; Misasi, Roberta; Misra, Amit; Misso, Gabriella; Mitchell, Claire; Mitou, Geraldine; Miura, Tetsuji; Miyamoto, Shigeki; Miyazaki, Makoto; Miyazaki, Mitsunori; Miyazaki, Taiga; Miyazawa, Keisuke; Mizushima, Noboru; Mogensen, Trine H; Mograbi, Baharia; Mohammadinejad, Reza; Mohamud, Yasir; Mohanty, Abhishek; Mohapatra, Sipra; Möhlmann, Torsten; Mohmmed, Asif; Moles, Anna; Moley, Kelle H; Molinari, Maurizio; Mollace, Vincenzo; Møller, Andreas Buch; Mollereau, Bertrand; Mollinedo, Faustino; Montagna, Costanza; 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Pajares, Marta; Pajvani, Utpal B; Pal, Rituraj; Paladino, Simona; Pallet, Nicolas; Palmieri, Michela; Palmisano, Giuseppe; Palumbo, Camilla; Pampaloni, Francesco; Pan, Lifeng; Pan, Qingjun; Pan, Wenliang; Pan, Xin; Panasyuk, Ganna; Pandey, Rahul; Pandey, Udai B; Pandya, Vrajesh; Paneni, Francesco; Pang, Shirley Y; Panzarini, Elisa; Papademetrio, Daniela L; Papaleo, Elena; Papinski, Daniel; Papp, Diana; Park, Eun Chan; Park, Hwan Tae; Park, Ji-Man; Park, Jong-In; Park, Joon Tae; Park, Junsoo; Park, Sang Chul; Park, Sang-Youel; Parola, Abraham H; Parys, Jan B; Pasquier, Adrien; Pasquier, Benoit; Passos, João F; Pastore, Nunzia; Patel, Hemal H; Patschan, Daniel; Pattingre, Sophie; Pedraza-Alva, Gustavo; Pedraza-Chaverri, Jose; Pedrozo, Zully; Pei, Gang; Pei, Jianming; Peled-Zehavi, Hadas; Pellegrini, Joaquín M; Pelletier, Joffrey; Peñalva, Miguel A; Peng, Di; Peng, Ying; Penna, Fabio; Pennuto, Maria; Pentimalli, Francesca; Pereira, Cláudia Mf; Pereira, Gustavo J S; Pereira, Lilian C; Pereira de Almeida, Luis; 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Post, Martin; Potts, Malia B; Poulton, Joanna; Powers, Ted; Prahlad, Veena; Prajsnar, Tomasz K; Praticò, Domenico; Prencipe, Rosaria; Priault, Muriel; Proikas-Cezanne, Tassula; Promponas, Vasilis J; Proud, Christopher G; Puertollano, Rosa; Puglielli, Luigi; Pulinilkunnil, Thomas; Puri, Deepika; Puri, Rajat; Puyal, Julien; Qi, Xiaopeng; Qi, Yongmei; Qian, Wenbin; Qiang, Lei; Qiu, Yu; Quadrilatero, Joe; Quarleri, Jorge; Raben, Nina; Rabinowich, Hannah; Ragona, Debora; Ragusa, Michael J; Rahimi, Nader; Rahmati, Marveh; Raia, Valeria; Raimundo, Nuno; Rajasekaran, Namakkal-Soorappan; Ramachandra Rao, Sriganesh; Rami, Abdelhaq; Ramírez-Pardo, Ignacio; Ramsden, David B; Randow, Felix; Rangarajan, Pundi N; Ranieri, Danilo; Rao, Hai; Rao, Lang; Rao, Rekha; Rathore, Sumit; Ratnayaka, J Arjuna; Ratovitski, Edward A; Ravanan, Palaniyandi; Ravegnini, Gloria; Ray, Swapan K; Razani, Babak; Rebecca, Vito; Reggiori, Fulvio; Régnier-Vigouroux, Anne; Reichert, Andreas S; Reigada, David; Reiling, Jan H; Rein, Theo; Reipert, Siegfried; Rekha, Rokeya Sultana; Ren, Hongmei; Ren, Jun; Ren, Weichao; Renault, Tristan; Renga, Giorgia; Reue, Karen; Rewitz, Kim; Ribeiro de Andrade Ramos, Bruna; Riazuddin, S Amer; Ribeiro-Rodrigues, Teresa M; Ricci, Jean-Ehrland; Ricci, Romeo; Riccio, Victoria; Richardson, Des R; Rikihisa, Yasuko; Risbud, Makarand V; Risueño, Ruth M; Ritis, Konstantinos; Rizza, Salvatore; Rizzuto, Rosario; Roberts, Helen C; Roberts, Luke D; Robinson, Katherine J; Roccheri, Maria Carmela; Rocchi, Stephane; Rodney, George G; Rodrigues, Tiago; Rodrigues Silva, Vagner Ramon; Rodriguez, Amaia; Rodriguez-Barrueco, Ruth; Rodriguez-Henche, Nieves; Rodriguez-Rocha, Humberto; Roelofs, Jeroen; Rogers, Robert S; Rogov, Vladimir V; Rojo, Ana I; Rolka, Krzysztof; Romanello, Vanina; Romani, Luigina; Romano, Alessandra; Romano, Patricia S; Romeo-Guitart, David; Romero, Luis C; Romero, Montserrat; Roney, Joseph C; Rongo, Christopher; Roperto, Sante; Rosenfeldt, Mathias T; Rosenstiel, Philip; Rosenwald, Anne G; Roth, Kevin A; Roth, Lynn; Roth, Steven; Rouschop, Kasper M A; Roussel, Benoit D; Roux, Sophie; Rovere-Querini, Patrizia; Roy, Ajit; Rozieres, Aurore; Ruano, Diego; Rubinsztein, David C; Rubtsova, Maria P; Ruckdeschel, Klaus; Ruckenstuhl, Christoph; Rudolf, Emil; Rudolf, Rüdiger; Ruggieri, Alessandra; Ruparelia, Avnika Ashok; Rusmini, Paola; Russell, Ryan R; Russo, Gian Luigi; Russo, Maria; Russo, Rossella; Ryabaya, Oxana O; Ryan, Kevin M; Ryu, Kwon-Yul; Sabater-Arcis, Maria; Sachdev, Ulka; Sacher, Michael; Sachse, Carsten; Sadhu, Abhishek; Sadoshima, Junichi; Safren, Nathaniel; Saftig, Paul; Sagona, Antonia P; Sahay, Gaurav; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahin, Mustafa; Sahin, Ozgur; Sahni, Sumit; Saito, Nayuta; Saito, Shigeru; Saito, Tsunenori; Sakai, Ryohei; Sakai, Yasuyoshi; Sakamaki, Jun-Ichi; Saksela, Kalle; Salazar, Gloria; Salazar-Degracia, Anna; Salekdeh, Ghasem H; Saluja, Ashok K; Sampaio-Marques, Belém; Sanchez, Maria Cecilia; Sanchez-Alcazar, Jose A; Sanchez-Vera, Victoria; Sancho-Shimizu, Vanessa; Sanderson, J Thomas; Sandri, Marco; Santaguida, Stefano; Santambrogio, Laura; Santana, Magda M; Santoni, Giorgio; Sanz, Alberto; Sanz, Pascual; Saran, Shweta; Sardiello, Marco; Sargeant, Timothy J; Sarin, Apurva; Sarkar, Chinmoy; Sarkar, Sovan; Sarrias, Maria-Rosa; Sarkar, Surajit; Sarmah, Dipanka Tanu; Sarparanta, Jaakko; Sathyanarayan, Aishwarya; Sathyanarayanan, Ranganayaki; Scaglione, K Matthew; Scatozza, Francesca; Schaefer, Liliana; Schafer, Zachary T; Schaible, Ulrich E; Schapira, Anthony H V; Scharl, Michael; Schatzl, Hermann M; Schein, Catherine H; Scheper, Wiep; Scheuring, David; Schiaffino, Maria Vittoria; Schiappacassi, Monica; Schindl, Rainer; Schlattner, Uwe; Schmidt, Oliver; Schmitt, Roland; Schmidt, Stephen D; Schmitz, Ingo; Schmukler, Eran; Schneider, Anja; Schneider, Bianca E; Schober, Romana; Schoijet, Alejandra C; Schott, Micah B; Schramm, Michael; Schröder, Bernd; Schuh, Kai; Schüller, Christoph; Schulze, Ryan J; Schürmanns, Lea; Schwamborn, Jens C; Schwarten, Melanie; Scialo, Filippo; Sciarretta, Sebastiano; Scott, Melanie J; Scotto, Kathleen W; Scovassi, A Ivana; Scrima, Andrea; Scrivo, Aurora; Sebastian, David; Sebti, Salwa; Sedej, Simon; Segatori, Laura; Segev, Nava; Seglen, Per O; Seiliez, Iban; Seki, Ekihiro; Selleck, Scott B; Sellke, Frank W; Selsby, Joshua T; Sendtner, Michael; Senturk, Serif; Seranova, Elena; Sergi, Consolato; Serra-Moreno, Ruth; Sesaki, Hiromi; Settembre, Carmine; Setty, Subba Rao Gangi; Sgarbi, Gianluca; Sha, Ou; Shacka, John J; Shah, Javeed A; Shang, Dantong; Shao, Changshun; Shao, Feng; Sharbati, Soroush; Sharkey, Lisa M; Sharma, Dipali; Sharma, Gaurav; Sharma, Kulbhushan; Sharma, Pawan; Sharma, Surendra; Shen, Han-Ming; Shen, Hongtao; Shen, Jiangang; Shen, Ming; Shen, Weili; Shen, Zheni; Sheng, Rui; Sheng, Zhi; Sheng, Zu-Hang; Shi, Jianjian; Shi, Xiaobing; Shi, Ying-Hong; Shiba-Fukushima, Kahori; Shieh, Jeng-Jer; Shimada, Yohta; Shimizu, Shigeomi; Shimozawa, Makoto; Shintani, Takahiro; Shoemaker, Christopher J; Shojaei, Shahla; Shoji, Ikuo; Shravage, Bhupendra V; Shridhar, Viji; Shu, Chih-Wen; Shu, Hong-Bing; Shui, Ke; Shukla, Arvind K; Shutt, Timothy E; Sica, Valentina; Siddiqui, Aleem; Sierra, Amanda; Sierra-Torre, Virginia; Signorelli, Santiago; Sil, Payel; Silva, Bruno J de Andrade; Silva, Johnatas D; Silva-Pavez, Eduardo; Silvente-Poirot, Sandrine; Simmonds, Rachel E; Simon, Anna Katharina; Simon, Hans-Uwe; Simons, Matias; Singh, Anurag; Singh, Lalit P; Singh, Rajat; Singh, Shivendra V; Singh, Shrawan K; Singh, Sudha B; Singh, Sunaina; Singh, Surinder Pal; Sinha, Debasish; Sinha, Rohit Anthony; Sinha, Sangita; Sirko, Agnieszka; Sirohi, Kapil; Sivridis, Efthimios L; Skendros, Panagiotis; Skirycz, Aleksandra; Slaninová, Iva; Smaili, Soraya S; Smertenko, Andrei; Smith, Matthew D; Soenen, Stefaan J; Sohn, Eun Jung; Sok, Sophia P M; Solaini, Giancarlo; Soldati, Thierry; Soleimanpour, Scott A; Soler, Rosa M; Solovchenko, Alexei; Somarelli, Jason A; Sonawane, Avinash; Song, Fuyong; Song, Hyun Kyu; Song, Ju-Xian; 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In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.
PMID: 33634751
ISSN: 1554-8635
CID: 4800842

Nod1 promotes colorectal carcinogenesis by regulating the immunosuppressive functions of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells

Maisonneuve, Charles; Tsang, Derek K L; Foerster, Elisabeth G; Robert, Lukian Maxence; Mukherjee, Tapas; Prescott, Dave; Tattoli, Ivan; Lemire, Paul; Winer, Daniel A; Winer, Shawn; Streutker, Catherine J; Geddes, Kaoru; Cadwell, Ken; Ferrero, Richard L; Martin, Alberto; Girardin, Stephen E; Philpott, Dana J
Pioneering studies from the early 1980s suggested that bacterial peptidoglycan-derived muramyl peptides (MPs) could exert either stimulatory or immunosuppressive functions depending, in part, on chronicity of exposure. However, this Janus-faced property of MPs remains largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate the immunosuppressive potential of Nod1, the bacterial sensor of diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-containing MPs. Using a model of self-limiting peritonitis, we show that systemic Nod1 activation promotes an autophagy-dependent reprogramming of macrophages toward an alternative phenotype. Moreover, Nod1 stimulation induces the expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and maintains their immunosuppressive potential via arginase-1 activity. Supporting the role of MDSCs and tumor-associated macrophages in cancer, we demonstrate that myeloid-intrinsic Nod1 expression sustains intra-tumoral arginase-1 levels to foster an immunosuppressive and tumor-permissive microenvironment during colorectal cancer (CRC) development. Our findings support the notion that bacterial products, via Nod1 detection, modulate the immunosuppressive activity of myeloid cells and fuel tumor progression in CRC.
PMID: 33503439
ISSN: 2211-1247
CID: 4798892

Paneth Cell-Derived Lysozyme Defines the Composition of Mucolytic Microbiota and the Inflammatory Tone of the Intestine

Yu, Shiyan; Balasubramanian, Iyshwarya; Laubitz, Daniel; Tong, Kevin; Bandyopadhyay, Sheila; Lin, Xiang; Flores, Juan; Singh, Rajbir; Liu, Yue; Macazana, Carlos; Zhao, Yanlin; Béguet-Crespel, Fabienne; Patil, Karuna; Midura-Kiela, Monica T; Wang, Daniel; Yap, George S; Ferraris, Ronaldo P; Wei, Zhi; Bonder, Edward M; Häggblom, Max M; Zhang, Lanjing; Douard, Veronique; Verzi, Michael P; Cadwell, Ken; Kiela, Pawel R; Gao, Nan
Paneth cells are the primary source of C-type lysozyme, a β-1,4-N-acetylmuramoylhydrolase that enzymatically processes bacterial cell walls. Paneth cells are normally present in human cecum and ascending colon, but are rarely found in descending colon and rectum; Paneth cell metaplasia in this region and aberrant lysozyme production are hallmarks of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathology. Here, we examined the impact of aberrant lysozyme production in colonic inflammation. Targeted disruption of Paneth cell lysozyme (Lyz1) protected mice from experimental colitis. Lyz1-deficiency diminished intestinal immune responses to bacterial molecular patterns and resulted in the expansion of lysozyme-sensitive mucolytic bacteria, including Ruminococcus gnavus, a Crohn's disease-associated pathobiont. Ectopic lysozyme production in colonic epithelium suppressed lysozyme-sensitive bacteria and exacerbated colitis. Transfer of R. gnavus into Lyz1-/- hosts elicited a type 2 immune response, causing epithelial reprograming and enhanced anti-colitogenic capacity. In contrast, in lysozyme-intact hosts, processed R. gnavus drove pro-inflammatory responses. Thus, Paneth cell lysozyme balances intestinal anti- and pro-inflammatory responses, with implications for IBD.
PMID: 32814028
ISSN: 1097-4180
CID: 4565552

A single early-in-life antibiotic course increases susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis

Ozkul, Ceren; Ruiz, Victoria E; Battaglia, Thomas; Xu, Joseph; Roubaud-Baudron, Claire; Cadwell, Ken; Perez-Perez, Guillermo I; Blaser, Martin J
BACKGROUND:There is increasing evidence that the intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in the maturation of the immune system and the prevention of diseases during childhood. Early-life short-course antibiotic use may affect the progression of subsequent disease conditions by changing both host microbiota and immunologic development. Epidemiologic studies provide evidence that early-life antibiotic exposures predispose to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS:By using a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis, we evaluated the effect on disease outcomes of early-life pulsed antibiotic treatment (PAT) using tylosin, a macrolide and amoxicillin, a beta-lactam. We evaluated microbiota effects at the 16S rRNA gene level, and intestinal T cells by flow cytometry. Antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota were transferred to pups that then were challenged with DSS. RESULTS:A single PAT course early-in-life exacerbated later DSS-induced colitis by both perturbing the microbial community and altering mucosal immune cell composition. By conventionalizing germ-free mice with either antibiotic-perturbed or control microbiota obtained 40 days after the challenge ended, we showed the transferrable and direct effect of the still-perturbed microbiota on colitis severity in the DSS model. CONCLUSIONS:The findings in this experimental model provide evidence that early-life microbiota perturbation may increase risk of colitis later in life.
PMCID:7382806
PMID: 32711559
ISSN: 1756-994x
CID: 4546182

Mapping the evolutionary landscape of Zika virus infection in immunocompromised mice

Johnson, Katherine E E; Noval, Maria G; Rangel, Margarita V; De Jesus, Elfie; Geber, Adam; Schuster, Samantha; Cadwell, Ken; Ghedin, Elodie; Stapleford, Kenneth A
The fundamental basis of how arboviruses evolve in nature and what regulates the adaptive process remain unclear. To address this problem, we established a Zika virus (ZIKV) vector-borne transmission system in immunocompromised mice to study the evolutionary characteristics of ZIKV infection. Using this system, we defined factors that influence the evolutionary landscape of ZIKV infection and show that transmission route and specific organ microenvironments impact viral diversity and defective viral genome production. In addition, we identified in mice the emergence of ZIKV mutants previously seen in natural infections, including variants present in currently circulating Asian and American strains, as well as mutations unique to the mouse infections. With these studies, we have established an insect-to-mouse transmission model to study ZIKV evolution in vivo. We also defined how organ microenvironments and infection route impact the ZIKV evolutionary landscape, providing a deeper understanding of the factors that regulate arbovirus evolution and emergence.
PMCID:7772475
PMID: 33408879
ISSN: 2057-1577
CID: 4799992

An Intestinal Organoid-Based Platform That Recreates Susceptibility to T Cell-Mediated Tissue Injury

Matsuzawa-Ishimoto, Yu; Hine, Ashley; Shono, Yusuke; Rudensky, Eugene; Lazrak, Amina; Yeung, Frank; Neil, Jessica A; Yao, Xiaomin; Chen, Ying-Han; Heaney, Thomas; Schuster, Samantha L; Zwack, Erin E; Axelrad, Jordan Eric; Hudesman, David; Tsai, Jennifer Jia-Ying; Nichols, Katherine B; Dewan, M Zahidunnabi; Cammer, Michael; Beal, Allison; Hoffman, Sandra; Geddes, Brad; Bertin, John; Liu, Chen; Torres, Victor J; Loke, P'ng; van den Brink, Marcel Rm; Cadwell, Ken
A goal in precision medicine is to use patient-derived material to predict disease course and intervention outcomes. Here, we use mechanistic observations in a preclinical animal model to design an ex vivo platform that recreates genetic susceptibility to T cell-mediated damage. Intestinal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a life-threatening complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT). We found that intestinal GVHD in mice deficient in Atg16L1, an autophagy gene that is polymorphic in humans, is reversed by inhibiting necroptosis. We further show that co-cultured allogeneic T cells kill Atg16L1 mutant intestinal organoids from mice, which was associated with an aberrant epithelial interferon signature. Using this information, we demonstrate that pharmacologically inhibiting necroptosis or interferon signaling protects human organoids derived from individuals harboring a common ATG16L1 variant from allogeneic T cell attack. Our study provides a roadmap for applying findings in animal models to individualized therapy that targets affected tissues.
PMID: 32232483
ISSN: 1528-0020
CID: 4370252

Rewilding Nod2 and Atg16l1 Mutant Mice Uncovers Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Microbial Responses and Immune Cell Composition

Lin, Jian-Da; Devlin, Joseph C; Yeung, Frank; McCauley, Caroline; Leung, Jacqueline M; Chen, Ying-Han; Cronkite, Alex; Hansen, Christina; Drake-Dunn, Charlotte; Ruggles, Kelly V; Cadwell, Ken; Graham, Andrea L; Loke, P'ng
The relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to variation in immune responses are poorly understood. Here, we performed a phenotypic analysis of immunological parameters in laboratory mice carrying susceptibility genes implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Nod2 and Atg16l1) upon exposure to environmental microbes. Mice were released into an outdoor enclosure (rewilded) and then profiled for immune responses in the blood and lymph nodes. Variations of immune cell populations were largely driven by the environment, whereas cytokine production elicited by microbial antigens was more affected by the genetic mutations. We identified transcriptional signatures in the lymph nodes associated with differences in T cell populations. Subnetworks associated with responses against Clostridium perfringens, Candida albicans, and Bacteroides vulgatus were also coupled with rewilding. Therefore, exposing laboratory mice with genetic mutations to a natural environment uncovers different contributions to variations in microbial responses and immune cell composition.
PMID: 32209431
ISSN: 1934-6069
CID: 4357842

Altered Immunity of Laboratory Mice in the Natural Environment Is Associated with Fungal Colonization

Yeung, Frank; Chen, Ying-Han; Lin, Jian-Da; Leung, Jacqueline M; McCauley, Caroline; Devlin, Joseph C; Hansen, Christina; Cronkite, Alex; Stephens, Zac; Drake-Dunn, Charlotte; Fulmer, Yi; Shopsin, Bo; Ruggles, Kelly V; Round, June L; Loke, P'ng; Graham, Andrea L; Cadwell, Ken
Free-living mammals, such as humans and wild mice, display heightened immune activation compared with artificially maintained laboratory mice. These differences are partially attributed to microbial exposure as laboratory mice infected with pathogens exhibit immune profiles more closely resembling that of free-living animals. Here, we examine how colonization by microorganisms within the natural environment contributes to immune system maturation by releasing inbred laboratory mice into an outdoor enclosure. In addition to enhancing differentiation of T cell populations previously associated with pathogen exposure, outdoor release increased circulating granulocytes. However, these "rewilded" mice were not infected by pathogens previously implicated in immune activation. Rather, immune system changes were associated with altered microbiota composition with notable increases in intestinal fungi. Fungi isolated from rewilded mice were sufficient in increasing circulating granulocytes. These findings establish a model to investigate how the natural environment impacts immune development and show that sustained fungal exposure impacts granulocyte numbers.
PMID: 32209432
ISSN: 1934-6069
CID: 4357852

Housing laboratory mice deficient for Nod2 and Atg16l1 in a natural environment uncovers genetic and environmental contributions to immune variation [Meeting Abstract]

Lin, J -D; Devlin, J C; Yeung, F; McCauley, C; Leung, J M; Chen, Y -H; Cronkite, A; Hansen, C; Drake-Dunn, C; Ruggles, K V; Cadwell, K; Graham, A L; Loke, P
The relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to variation in immune responses are still poorly understood. Here, we performed a deep phenotypic analysis of immunological parameters of laboratory mice released into an outdoor enclosure, carrying susceptibility genes (Nod2 and Atg16l1) implicated in the development of inflammatory bowel diseases. Variations of immune cell populations were largely driven by environment, whereas cytokine production in response to stimulation was affected more by genetic mutations. Multi-omic models identified transcriptional signatures associated with differences in T cell populations. Subnetworks associated with responses against Clostridium perfringens, Candida albicans and Bacteroides vulgatus were also coupled with rewilding. Hence, exposing laboratory mice carrying different genetic mutations to a natural environment uncovered important contributors to immune variation
EMBASE:633107399
ISSN: 1550-6606
CID: 4638842