Faculty Bibliography

Dr. Ruge was lauded for insisting that Mr. Reagan be treated by the hospital's trauma team, instead of taking charge himself or summoning high-powered surgeons from other medical centers, as has occurred in many cases involving other dignitaries. Dr. Ruge instructed staff members at George Washington to make the same medical and surgical decisions for the president that they would make for any patient in the same condition. Dr. Ruge said he had studied the Constitution during the 10 weeks that Mr. Reagan had been in office and carried a copy of the 25th Amendment in his bag. Section 3 of the amendment should have been invoked to transfer executive powers to Mr. [George Bush] for at least a day or two, Dr. Ruge said, ''because Mr. Reagan could not communicate with the people a president is supposed to communicate with.'' As a neurosurgeon, Dr. Ruge was well qualified to observe Mr. Reagan closely. After Mr. Reagan disclosed in 1994 that he had Alzheimer's disease, Dr. Ruge said he had never detected any signs of Alzheimer's in talking with him almost daily from 1981 to 1985

Rehnquist, Stevens, O' Connor, Kennedy, [David H. Souter], [Ruth Bader Ginsburg], [Stephen G. Breyer] Rehnquist, Stevens, O' Connor, [Powell, Brennan, Marshall], White, Blackmun Rehnquist, Stevens, O' Connor, [Stevens, Scalia, Kennedy], Souter, Thomas, Ginsburg, Breyer

With communication and transportation systems on the Gulf Coast severely damaged, there was no clear way to get the global view of the health care crisis in the region. Many hospitals, particularly in New Orleans, were being evacuated, including Charity and Tulane University Hospital and Clinic. While some patients were being sent to hospitals elsewhere in Louisiana, some of the most seriously ill patients have been sent by helicopter to hospitals in Texas, Mississippi and Alabama. Tenet Healthcare, which has six hospitals directly affected in the region, was evacuating more than 3,000 patients, staff and others from four hospitals, said Steven Campanini, a spokesman: the Gulf Coast Medical Center in Biloxi, Miss., and three hospitals in the New Orleans area. The problems at Charity Hospital, a few blocks from the Superdome in central New Orleans, started Monday morning, Dr. [Kurtz-Burke] said, when water swept through the first-floor emergency room and dozens of windows were shattered by the wind. The power went out around 8 a.m., she said, and though the backup generators quickly clicked on, they too went out shortly afterward

Scores of people have already died by drowning or other causes, two by carbon monoxide poisoning from the use of gas-powered generators in poorly ventilated areas. An additional nine people are being treated for carbon monoxide poisoning, federal health officials said at a news conference in Atlanta, home of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In New Orleans, Tulane University Hospital and Clinic, which was surrounded by about four feet of water, lost both of its backup generators to the flooding and began evacuating all its 200 patients, 30 requiring critical care. H.C.A., which manages the hospital, hired 20 helicopters to land in succession on its helipad, atop a parking garage, and ferry the patients to Women's and Children's Hospital in Lafayette, La., and elsewhere. In addition to the patients, more than 800 others were stranded at the Tulane hospital and also required evacuation: members of the staff as well as their families, families of patients and people who had simply sought shelter there. Dr. Irwin Redlener, who directs the National Center for Disaster Preparedness at the Columbia School of Public Health, said yet another concern was that people might have lost or become separated from the drugs they rely on daily for diabetes, heart disease and other chronic ailments. Pharmacies in the affected areas may have insufficient stocks of vital drugs like insulin for diabetics, a circumstance creating a need to import and distribute essential medicines in the area. The shortage could go on for months, Dr. Redlener said

Scores of people have already died by drowning or other causes, two by carbon monoxide poisoning from the use of gas-powered generators in poorly ventilated areas. Rescue workers searched for the injured and disabled on Tuesday in an effort to prevent additional fatalities and, trying to head off outbreaks of diarrheal disease, used helicopters to deliver food and safe drinking water. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has sent basic supplies like first-aid and suture kits, sterile gloves, bandages, blankets and portable oxygen tanks from the national stockpile

In a telephone conference with reporters, the critics said that Uganda needed 120 to 150 million condoms a year and that this year's supply of fewer than 30 million condoms, distributed at health clinics, had been exhausted. Privately purchased condoms have more than tripled in price in Uganda, to 54 cents for a package of three, from 16 cents, making them unaffordable for many Ugandans, the critics said. Ambassador Stephen Lewis, the United Nations secretary general's special envoy for H.I.V./AIDS in Africa since 2001, and the former Canadian ambassador to the United Nations, said that ''there is no question that the condom crisis in Uganda is being driven and exacerbated by Pepfar and by the extreme policies that the administration in the United States is now pursuing.'' Beatrice Were of ActionAid in Uganda and the Health Rights Action Group, however, said that tests performed on the condoms in the United States found them safe and effective. She said religious groups in Uganda have used the initial claims to undermine confidence in condoms and contribute to misinformation about their effectiveness

An international health organization has reported that it has suspended more than $150 million in grants to Uganda because of serious mismanagement. Officials of the agency, the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, said Wednesday that they had taken the action to warn Uganda and other countries that they needed to manage the fund's grants properly. The fund had awarded Uganda $201 million in five grants and had already paid out $45.4 million of that. Two grants were made to help fight AIDS and two for malaria. The fifth grant was for tuberculosis control. Some started in 2003, and some this year. Payment will resume 'as soon as Uganda comes up with a proper plan to rectify the issues of mismanagement,' said Jon Liden, a spokesman for the fund. It has given Uganda until Oct. 24 to improve management of the grants

Dr. Chan, 58, who is both affable and media-savvy, first drew public attention when, as director of the Hong Kong department of health, she boldly directed the territory's response to two major disease outbreaks that threatened the world's health and economy. In 1997, she ordered 1.4 million chickens and ducks slaughtered to control the first cases of the A(H5N1) strain of avian influenza. In 2003, she led the investigation of SARS, a new virus that emerged in China. Indeed, Dr. Chan faced such complaints after the first cases of A(H5N1) avian influenza appeared in Hong Kong in 1997. No vaccine was effective against the strain. But the virus was susceptible to a drug, amantadine, and Dr. Chan authorized the equivalent of US$1.3- million to buy a large supply of it in case a large outbreak occurred. Black & White Photo: Peter Parks, AFP, Getty Images / A woman cleans at a Hong Kong poultry market in an effort to combat the spread of a deadly strain of avian flu.; Black & White Photo: Carol T. Powers / the New York Times / Dr. [Margaret Chan] was instrumental in containing the virus when it struck in 2003. Chan is now the World Health Organization's chief of pandemic influenza

Payment will resume ''as soon as Uganda comes up with a proper plan to rectify the issues of mismanagement,'' said Jon Liden, a spokesman for the fund. It has given Uganda until Oct. 24 to improve management of the grants. Uganda's grants from the fund are unusual in that they are managed by the finance minister, not the health minister as in most other recipient countries, Mr. Liden said. Uganda has been cited as a model for reducing the transmission rates of H.I.V., the virus that causes AIDS. Mr. Liden said people ''should not confuse Uganda's record in fighting AIDS with the mismanagement of funds by a small group of individuals.''