Faculty Bibliography

BACKGROUND:The dual task paradigm (the simultaneous performance of motor and cognitive task) is used in a laboratory setting to evaluate walking impairments that affect patients' daily lives. Although promising, it is poorly standardized and neither the cognitive task nor the motor task have been validated in a matched healthy control group (HC) for multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE:Our aim was to set up a standardized instrument to evaluate cognitive motor interference in MS using the interference test par excellence: the stroop colour word test (SCWT). METHODS:Patients with MS and HC underwent 3D gait analysis with a dual task protocol, using the SCWT as a cognitive task. Gait performance impairment during the dual task was evaluated by dual task cost (DTC). A MANOVA was used to verify the effect of status (MS, HC) on DTC, calculated for the spatiotemporal parameter of the gait. RESULTS:In MS, the DTC was higher for the following gait parameters: speed (p = .013), cadence (p = .004), stride time (p = .005) stance phase (p < .001), and swing phase duration (p = .032). CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:DTC is present in MS and HC, but the motor cost in MS is higher. The present work provides a useful and validated basis for future studies about cognitive motor interference in MS.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to characterize age-related changes in Timed Up and Go (TUG) sub-phases (i.e., sit to stand, walking and turning) quantitatively assessed using an inertial sensor in healthy older adults and to verify the degree of correlation between TUG parameters and muscular strength (assessed by handgrip strength, HGS) in the different age ranges. METHODS:This is a cross-sectional study performed on 125 healthy older adults aged over 65 years stratified in four groups (< 70 years, 71-75, 76-80, > 80) who underwent an instrumental TUG carried out using a wearable inertial sensor. In addition, participants were asked to carry out the HGS test to establish possible relationships between muscular strength and TUG features. RESULTS:The results show a general decline in all phases of TUG performance (albeit with some gender-related differences) which becomes significant after 75 years of age. Also, HGS was found to be systematically higher in men at any age group. Significant negative correlations between HGS and TUG phases times were found for both genders (men r = - 0.28 to - 0.50, women r = - 0.34 to - 0.60). However, when age groups were analyzed separately, such correlations are confirmed only in case of women aged < 70 years, while they vanish for most parameters in all other age groups. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:The findings obtained in the present study suggest that muscular strength might have a different relationship with functional mobility according to age and gender, and this should be considered when physical activity program or rehabilitation plans are planned.

OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of trunk rotation (TR) on postural sway and spatial-temporal parameters of gait in children and early adolescents screened at school for the presence of scoliosis. METHODS:Two hundred and fifty-five individuals aged 9-14 (141 boys, 114 girls) underwent trunk rotation (TR) assessment by means of angle of trunk rotation (ATR) measurements performed with Bunnell's scoliometer. Participants with ATR ≥ 5° formed the TR group whose data were compared with those of a control group (CON) composed of individuals with ATR < 5° matched for age and anthropometric features. Postural sway was calculated on the basis of center of pressure (COP) time series acquired using a pressure plate. Spatial-temporal parameters of gait were derived from trunk accelerations collected by a single inertial sensor located in the low-back region. RESULTS:Sway area, sway path, COP velocities in medio-lateral (ML) and antero-posterior (AP) directions and COP displacements in ML direction were found significantly higher in girls with TR, while no differences between the TR and CON groups were detected in boys. Both boys and girls with TR exhibited gait patterns similar to those of their CON schoolmates. CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that even mild levels of TR may influence balance of female children and early adolescents screened for scoliosis, and thus early interventions including selective and task-oriented exercises appear advisable. In contrast, TR does not appear to influence gait, but further investigations are required to clarify whether different ATR cut-offs may reveal alterations of spatial-temporal parameters.

BACKGROUND:In recent times, increasing safety concerns have been associated with the use of mobile phones by pedestrians. In particular, texting has been shown to significantly alter gait patterns. However, no specific investigations have been performed on people with Multiple Sclerosis (pwMS), who are already characterized by gait dysfunctions caused by the disease. OBJECTIVE:To assess the existence of possible alterations in spatio-temporal parameters of gait in pwMS when simultaneously texting on a smartphone and walking. METHODS:Fifty-four pwMS (mean age 40.5 ± 10.5) and 40 age-matched unaffected individuals were tested in two conditions: walking, and walking while texting on a smartphone. Spatio-temporal parameters of gait were assessed using a wearable accelerometer located on the lower back. RESULTS:Texting induces reduction of gait speed, stride length and cadence in both groups, but such changes were smaller in magnitude in pwMS. An increase of stance and double support and reduction of swing phase were observed in pwMS only. CONCLUSIONS:Texting alters gait patterns of pwMS differently from unaffected individuals, probably due to a different prioritization of the task, which appears to take into account the motor and sensory impairments associated with the disease by favoring the motor task.

BACKGROUND:Although physical activity (PA) is known to be beneficial in improving motor symptoms of people with Parkinson's disease (pwPD), little is known about the relationship between gait patterns and features of PA performed during daily life. OBJECTIVE:To verify the existence of possible relationships between spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters of gait and amount/intensity of PA, both instrumentally assessed. METHODS:Eighteen individuals affected by PD (10F and 8M, age 68.0 ± 10.8 years, 1.5 ≤ Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) < 3) were required to wear a triaxial accelerometer 24 h/day for 3 consecutive months. They also underwent a 3D computerized gait analysis at the beginning and end of the PA assessment period. The number of daily steps and PA intensity were calculated on the whole day, and the period from 6:00 to 24:00 was grouped into 3 time slots, using 3 different cut-point sets previously validated in the case of both pwPD and healthy older adults. 3D gait analysis provided spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters of gait, including summary indexes of quality (Gait Profile Score (GPS) and Gait Variable Score (GVS)). RESULTS:< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Long-term monitoring of PA integrated by the quantitative assessment of spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters of gait may represent a useful tool in supporting a better-targeted prescription of PA and rehabilitative treatments in pwPD.

BACKGROUND:Multiple Sclerosis (MS) affects men and women differently from several points of view: prevalence, severity of cognitive impairments and disability accumulation. However, it is unknown whether ambulatory dysfunctions are sex-related. This study investigated the existence of differences in spatio-temporal and kinematic parameters of gait in men and women with MS using 3D gait analysis. METHODS:Gait patterns of 60 people with MS (pwMS, 32F, 28M) with low to moderate disability (average Expanded Disability Status Scale score 3, range 1-5.5) who underwent a gait analysis in the period 2014-2017 were retrospectively analyzed to calculate spatio-temporal parameters of gait and kinematics in the sagittal plane at hip, knee and ankle joints. RESULTS:Significant differences between the groups were found in kinematics of gait. In particular, men exhibited reduced ankle plantar-flexion, increased knee flexion and hip flexion. In contrast, no differences were found in spatio-temporal parameters normalized by considering individuals' anthropometry. CONCLUSIONS:The findings of the present study highlight the need to investigate gait dysfunctions in pwMS taking sex into consideration. Such an approach might be useful not only in better understanding the pathophysiology of gait disturbances originated by MS, but also in supporting a better orientation of rehabilitative treatments.