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152

Lancet. 2020:395(10225):709-733.DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3

Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

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BACKGROUND:Health system planning requires careful assessment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) epidemiology, but data for morbidity and mortality of this disease are scarce or non-existent in many countries. We estimated the global, regional, and national burden of CKD, as well as the burden of cardiovascular disease and gout attributable to impaired kidney function, for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. We use the term CKD to refer to the morbidity and mortality that can be directly attributed to all stages of CKD, and we use the term impaired kidney function to refer to the additional risk of CKD from cardiovascular disease and gout. METHODS:The main data sources we used were published literature, vital registration systems, end-stage kidney disease registries, and household surveys. Estimates of CKD burden were produced using a Cause of Death Ensemble model and a Bayesian meta-regression analytical tool, and included incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, mortality, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). A comparative risk assessment approach was used to estimate the proportion of cardiovascular diseases and gout burden attributable to impaired kidney function. FINDINGS:Globally, in 2017, 1·2 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1·2 to 1·3) people died from CKD. The global all-age mortality rate from CKD increased 41·5% (95% UI 35·2 to 46·5) between 1990 and 2017, although there was no significant change in the age-standardised mortality rate (2·8%, -1·5 to 6·3). In 2017, 697·5 million (95% UI 649·2 to 752·0) cases of all-stage CKD were recorded, for a global prevalence of 9·1% (8·5 to 9·8). The global all-age prevalence of CKD increased 29·3% (95% UI 26·4 to 32·6) since 1990, whereas the age-standardised prevalence remained stable (1·2%, -1·1 to 3·5). CKD resulted in 35·8 million (95% UI 33·7 to 38·0) DALYs in 2017, with diabetic nephropathy accounting for almost a third of DALYs. Most of the burden of CKD was concentrated in the three lowest quintiles of Socio-demographic Index (SDI). In several regions, particularly Oceania, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, the burden of CKD was much higher than expected for the level of development, whereas the disease burden in western, eastern, and central sub-Saharan Africa, east Asia, south Asia, central and eastern Europe, Australasia, and western Europe was lower than expected. 1·4 million (95% UI 1·2 to 1·6) cardiovascular disease-related deaths and 25·3 million (22·2 to 28·9) cardiovascular disease DALYs were attributable to impaired kidney function. INTERPRETATION:Kidney disease has a major effect on global health, both as a direct cause of global morbidity and mortality and as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. CKD is largely preventable and treatable and deserves greater attention in global health policy decision making, particularly in locations with low and middle SDI. FUNDING:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
PMID: 32061315
ISSN: 1474-547x
CID: 5642192
Atherosclerosis. 2020:294:62-71.DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.10.012

Retinal microvascular findings and risk of incident peripheral artery disease: An analysis from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Yang, Chao; Kwak, Lucia; Ballew, Shoshana H; Jaar, Bernard G; Deal, Jennifer A; Folsom, Aaron R; Heiss, Gerardo; Sharrett, A Richey; Selvin, Elizabeth; Sabanayagam, Charumathi; Coresh, Josef; Matsushita, Kunihiro
BACKGROUND AND AIMS:Lower-extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD) is usually considered large artery disease. Interestingly, retinal microvascular findings were shown to predict PAD progression in diabetes. However, it is unknown whether retinal microvascular parameters are associated with incident PAD and its severe form, critical limb ischemia (CLI), in a community-based cohort. METHODS:Among 9371 ARIC participants (aged 49-72 years) free of a history of PAD, we quantified the associations of several retinal measures by retinal photography during the period 1993-1995 with PAD risk using Cox models. Incident PAD was defined as the first hospitalization with PAD diagnosis or leg revascularization (considered CLI if an additional diagnosis of ulcer, gangrene, or amputation). RESULTS:During a median follow-up of 18.8 years, 303 participants developed PAD (including 91 CLI cases). Although generalized retinal arteriolar narrowing was not associated with PAD, most measures of retinopathy demonstrated strong associations with PAD beyond potential confounders including diabetes, with adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of 3.26 (95% CI 2.18-4.90) for blot-shaped hemorrhages, 3.11 (1.83-5.29) for hard exudates, and 2.18 (1.62-2.95) for any retinopathy. Adjusted HRs were significantly greater for CLI (ranging from 3.2 to 5.9) than for PAD (all p-values <0.05). Retinopathy measures showed particularly strong associations in participants with diabetes (p-value for interaction [vs. those without diabetes] <0.001). CONCLUSIONS:Several retinopathy measures were strongly associated with PAD, especially with CLI and in diabetes. Our results support the contribution of microvascular abnormalities to the development and progression of PAD and would have implications on its preventive and therapeutic approaches.
PMID: 31812251
ISSN: 1879-1484
CID: 5585572
American journal of kidney diseases. 2020:75(1):84-104.DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.06.009

Change in Albuminuria and GFR as End Points for Clinical Trials in Early Stages of CKD: A Scientific Workshop Sponsored by the National Kidney Foundation in Collaboration With the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency

Levey, Andrew S; Gansevoort, Ron T; Coresh, Josef; Inker, Lesley A; Heerspink, Hiddo L; Grams, Morgan E; Greene, Tom; Tighiouart, Hocine; Matsushita, Kunihiro; Ballew, Shoshana H; Sang, Yingying; Vonesh, Edward; Ying, Jian; Manley, Tom; de Zeeuw, Dick; Eckardt, Kai-Uwe; Levin, Adeera; Perkovic, Vlado; Zhang, Luxia; Willis, Kerry
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) are currently willing to consider a 30% to 40% glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline as a surrogate end point for kidney failure for clinical trials of kidney disease progression under appropriate conditions. However, these end points may not be practical for early stages of kidney disease. In March 2018, the National Kidney Foundation sponsored a scientific workshop in collaboration with the FDA and EMA to evaluate changes in albuminuria or GFR as candidate surrogate end points. Three parallel efforts were presented: meta-analyses of observational studies (cohorts), meta-analyses of clinical trials, and simulations of trial design. In cohorts, after accounting for measurement error, relationships between change in urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) or estimated GFR (eGFR) slope and the clinical outcome of kidney disease progression were strong and consistent. In trials, the posterior median R2 of treatment effects on the candidate surrogates with the clinical outcome was 0.47 (95% Bayesian credible interval [BCI], 0.02-0.96) for early change in UACR and 0.72 (95% BCI, 0.05-0.99) when restricted to baseline UACR>30mg/g, and 0.97 (95% BCI, 0.78-1.00) for total eGFR slope at 3 years and 0.96 (95% BCI, 0.63-1.00) for chronic eGFR slope (ie, the slope excluding the first 3 months from baseline, when there might be acute changes in eGFR). The magnitude of the relationships of changes in the candidate surrogates with risk for clinical outcome was consistent across cohorts and trials: a UACR reduction of 30% or eGFR slope reduction by 0.5 to 1.0mL/min/1.73m2 per year were associated with an HR of ∼0.7 for the clinical outcome in cohorts and trials. In simulations, using GFR slope as an end point substantially reduced the required sample size and duration of follow-up compared with the clinical end point when baseline eGFR was high, treatment effects were uniform, and there was no acute effect of the treatment. We conclude that both early change in albuminuria and GFR slope fulfill criteria for surrogacy for use as end points in clinical trials for chronic kidney disease progression under certain conditions, with stronger support for change in GFR than albuminuria. Implementation requires understanding conditions under which each surrogate is likely to perform well and restricting its use to those settings.
PMID: 31473020
ISSN: 1523-6838
CID: 5101392
European journal of preventive cardiology. 2020:27(1):51-59.DOI: 10.1177/2047487319865378

2017 ACC/AHA blood pressure classification and incident peripheral artery disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Lu, Yifei; Ballew, Shoshana H; Tanaka, Hirofumi; Szklo, Moyses; Heiss, Gerardo; Coresh, Josef; Matsushita, Kunihiro
AIMS:The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations of blood pressure categorization based on the 2017 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association guideline with the risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD). METHODS:Among 13,113 middle-aged participants, we investigated the associations of 2017 blood pressure categories (systolic <120 and diastolic <80 mmHg (normal if no anti-hypertensive medications; reference), 120-129 and <80 (elevated), 130-139 and/or 80-89 (stage 1 hypertension), and ≥140 and/or ≥90 (stage 2 hypertension)) with incident PAD (hospitalizations with a diagnosis or leg revascularization) using Cox regression models. Analyses were separately conducted in individuals with and without anti-hypertensive medications. RESULTS:During a median follow-up of 25.4 years, 466 incident PAD occurred (271 cases in 9858 participants without anti-hypertensive medications). In participants without anti-hypertensive medications, we observed significant hazard ratios of PAD in elevated blood pressure (1.80 (1.28-2.51)) and stage 2 hypertension (2.40 (1.72-3.34)), but not in stage 1 hypertension. Analyzing systolic and diastolic blood pressure separately, higher systolic blood pressure categories showed significant associations with incident PAD in a graded fashion whereas, for diastolic blood pressure, only ≥90 mmHg did. Generally similar patterns were seen among participants on anti-hypertensive medication, while they had higher risk of PAD than those without at each blood pressure category. CONCLUSIONS:Systolic blood pressure, including the category of 130-139 mmHg, showed stronger associations with incident PAD than did diastolic blood pressure. Consequently, elevated blood pressure conferred similar or even greater risk of PAD than stage 1 hypertension, with implications on how to interpret new blood pressure categories in terms of leg vascular health.
PMID: 31362534
ISSN: 2047-4881
CID: 5585482
Lancet. 2020:396(10258):1223-1249.DOI:

Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Murray, Christopher J. L.; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Zheng, Peng; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbas, Kaja M.; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahi, Mohammad; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abolhassani, Hassan; Aboyans, Victor; Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes; Abrigo, Michael R. M.; Abualhasan, Ahmed; Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal; Abushouk, Abdelrahman I.; Adabi, Maryam; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Adham, Davoud; Advani, Shailesh M.; Agarwal, Gina; Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem; Agrawal, Anurag; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Akombi, Blessing; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alam, Samiah; Alam, Tahiya; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi, Turki M.; Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun; Alhabib, Khalid F.; Ali, Muhammad; Ali, Saqib; Alicandro, Gianfranco; Alinia, Cyrus; Alipour, Vahid; Alizade, Hesam; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alla, Francois; Allebeck, Peter; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.; Alonso, Jordi; Altirkawi, Khalid A.; Amini-Rarani, Mostafa; Amiri, Fatemeh; Amugsi, Dickson A.; Ancuceanu, Robert; Anderlini, Deanna; Anderson, Jason A.; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Andrei, Tudorel; Angus, Colin; Anjomshoa, Mina; Ansari, Fereshteh; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antony, Catherine M.; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Anvari, Davood; Anwer, Razique; Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Ariani, Filippo; Armoon, Bahram; Arnlov, Johan; Arzani, Afsaneh; Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran; Asadi-Pooya, Ali A.; Ashbaugh, Charlie; Assmus, Michael; Atafar, Zahra; Atnafu, Desta Debalkie; Atout, Maha Moh\d Wahbi; Ausloos, Floriane; Ausloos, Marcel; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Azari, Samad; Azarian, Ghasem; Azene, Zelalem Nigussie; Badawi, Alaa; Badiye, Ashish D.; Bahrami, Mohammad Amin; Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein; Bakhtiari, Ahad; Bakkannavar, Shankar M.; Baldasseroni, Alberto; Ball, Kylie; Ballew, Shoshana H.; Balzi, Daniela; Banach, Maciej; Banerjee, Srikanta K.; Bante, Agegnehu Bante; Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Barnighausen, Till Winfried; Barrero, Lope H.; Barthelemy, Celine M.; Barua, Lingkan; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T.; Bayati, Mohsen; Becker, Jacob S.; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Bejot, Yannick; Bell, Michellr L.; Bennitt, Fiona B.; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Berhe, Kidanemaryam; Berman, Adam E.; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhageerathy, Reshmi; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhandari, Dinesh; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat; Biondi, Antonio; Birihane, Binyam Minuye; Bisignano, Catherine; Biswas, Raaj Kishore; Bitew, Helen; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Bohluli, Mehdi; Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S.; Borges, Guilherme; Borzi, Antonio Maria; Borzouei, Shiva; Bosetti, Cristina; Boufous, Soufiane; Braithwaite, Dejana; Breitborde, Nicholas J. K.; Breitner, Susanne; Brenner, Hermann; Briant, Paul Svitil; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Britton, Gabrielle B.; Bryazka, Dana; Bumgarner, Blair R.; Burkart, Katrin; Burnett, Richard Thomas; Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina; Butt, Zahid A.; dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano; Cahill, Leah E.; Camera, Luis L. A. Alberto; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.; Cardenas, Rosario; Carreras, Giulia; Carrero, Juan J.; Carvalho, Felix; Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio; Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Castelpietra, Giulio; Castro, Franz; Causey, Kate; Cederroth, Christopher R.; Cercy, Kelly M.; Cerin, Ester; Chandan, Joht Singh; Chang, Kai-Lan; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi, Sarika; Cherbuin, Nicolas; Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel; Cho, Daniel Youngwhan; Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine; Christensen, Hanne; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chung, Michael T.; Chung, Sheng-Chia; Cicuttini, Flavia M.; Ciobanu, Liliana G.; Cirillo, Massimo; Classen, Thomas Khaled Dwayne; Cohen, Aaron J.; Compton, Kelly; Cooper, Owen R.; Costa, Vera Marisa; Cousin, Ewerton; Cowden, Richard G.; Cross, Di H.; Cruz, Jessica A.; Dahlawi, Saad M. A.; Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura; Damiani, Giovanni; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Dangel, William James; Danielsson, Anna-Karin; Dargan, Paul I.; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Daryani, Ahmad; Das, Jai K.; Das Gupta, Rajat; das Neves, Jose; Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; De Leo, Diego; Degenhardt, Louisa; DeLang, Marissa; Dellavalle, Robert Paul; Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam; Demsie, Desalegn Getnet; Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Dhungana, Govinda Prasad; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; da Silva, Diana Dias; Diaz, Daniel; Forooshani, Zahra Sadat Dibaji; Djalalinia, Shirin; Do, Hoa Thi; Dokova, Klara; Dorostkar, Fariba; Doshmangir, Leila; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Duncan, Bruce B.; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Eagan, Arielle Wilder; Edvardsson, David; El Nahas, Nevine; El Sayed, Iman; El Tantawi, Maha; Elbarazi, Iffat; Elgendy, Islam Y.; El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I.; Elyazar, Iqbal R. F.; Emmons-Bell, Sophia; Erskine, Holly E.; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esmaeilnejad, Saman; Esteghamati, Alireza; Estep, Kara; Etemadi, Arash; Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas; Fanzo, Jessica; Farahmand, Mohammad; Fareed, Mohammad; Faridnia, Roghiyeh; Farioli, Andrea; Faro, Andre; Faruque, Mithila; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fattahi, Nazir; Fazlzadeh, Mehdi; Feigin, Valery L.; Feldman, Rachel; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Ferrara, Giannina; Ferrari, Alize J.; Ferreira, Manuela L.; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fisher, James L.; Flor, Luisa Sorio; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich; Force, Lisa M.; Foroutan, Masoud; Franklin, Richard Charles; Freitas, Marisa; Fu, Weijia; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Furtado, Joao M.; Gad, Mohamed M.; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Gallus, Silvano; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L.; Gardner, William M.; Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle; Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew; Geremew, Abraham; Hayoon, Anna Gershberg; Gething, Peter W.; Ghadimi, Maryam; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghamari, Farhad; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Ghiasvand, Hesam; Ghith, Nermin; Gholamian, Asadollah; Ghosh, Rakesh; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Ginindza, Themba G. G.; Giussani, Giorgia; Gnedovskaya, Elena V.; Goharinezhad, Salime; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Gorini, Giuseppe; Goudarzi, Houman; Goulart, Alessandra C.; Greaves, Felix; Grivna, Michal; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guimaraes, Rafael Alves; Guled, Rashid Abdi; Guo, Gaorui; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Tarun; Haddock, Beatrix; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Hafiz, Abdul; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Hall, Brian J.; Halvaei, Iman; Hamadeh, Randah R.; Hamidi, Samer; Hammer, Melanie S.; Hankey, Graeme J.; Haririan, Hamidreza; Haro, Josep Maria; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hasan, Md Mehedi; Hasanpoor, Edris; Hashi, Abdiwahab; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassankhani, Hadi; Havmoeller, Rasmus J.; Hay, Simon I.; Hayat, Khezar; Heidari, Golnaz; Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza; Henrikson, Hannah J.; Herbert, Molly E.; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; Hird, Thomas R.; Hoek, Hans W.; Holla, Ramesh; Hoogar, Praveen; Hosgood, H. Dean; Hossain, Naznin; Hosseini, Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Househ, Mowafa; Hsairi, Mohamed; Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong; Hu, Guoqing; Hu, Kejia; Huda, Tanvir M.; Humayun, Ayesha; Huynh, Chantal K.; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Iannucci, Vincent C.; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ikeda, Nayu; Ikuta, Kevin S.; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja; Ippolito, Helen; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter; Islam, M. Mofizul; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Iso, Hiroyasu; Ivers, Rebecca Q.; Iwu, Chidozie C. D.; Iwu, Chinwe Juliana; Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi; Jaafari, Jalil; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jafari, Hussain; Jafarinia, Morteza; Jahani, Mohammad Ali; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jalilian, Farzad; James, Spencer L.; Janjani, Hosna; Javaheri, Tahereh; Javidnia, Javad; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jenabi, Ensiyeh; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S.; Johansson, Lars; John, Oommen; John-Akinola, Yetunde O.; Johnson, Catherine Owens; Jonas, Jost B.; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jurisson, Mikk; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Kalani, Hamed; Kalani, Rizwan; Kalankesh, Leila R.; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kapoor, Neeti; Matin, Behzad Karami; Karch, Andre; Karim, Mohd Anisul; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Keller, Cathleen; Kemmer, Laura; Kendrick, Parkes J.; Khalid, Nauman; Khammarnia, Mohammad; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Maseer; Khatab, Khaled; Khater, Mona M.; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Khazaei, Salman; Kieling, Christian; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kivimaki, Mika; Knibbs, Luke D.; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kocarnik, Jonathan M.; Kochhar, Sonali; Kopec, Jacek A.; Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Koyanagi, Ai; Kraemer, Moritz U. G.; Krishan, Kewal; Krohn, Kris J.; Kromhout, Hans; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Vivek; Kurmi, Om P.; Kusuma, Dian; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lacey, Ben; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lallukka, Tea; Lami, Faris Hasan; Landires, Ivan; Lang, Justin J.; Langan, Sinead M.; Larsson, Anders O.; Lasrado, Savita; Lauriola, Paolo; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Lee, Paul H.; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; LeGrand, Kate E.; Leigh, James; Leonardi, Matilde; Lescinsky, Haley; Leung, Janni; Levi, Miriam; Li, Shanshan; Lim, Lee-Ling; Linn, Shai; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Simin; Liu, Yang; Lo, Justin; Lopez, Alan D.; Lopez, Jaifred Christian F.; Lopukhov, Platon D.; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lu, Alton; Lugo, Alessandra; Maddison, Emilie R.; Mahasha, Phetole Walter; Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi; Mahmoudi, Morteza; Majeed, Azeem; Maleki, Afshin; Maleki, Shokofeh; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A.; Manda, Ana Laura; Manguerra, Helena; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Mansouri, Borhan; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Herrera, Ana M. Mantilla; Maravilla, Joemer C.; Marks, Ashley; Martin, Randall V.; Martini, Santi; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Masaka, Anthony; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra; Mathur, Manu Raj; Matsushita, Kunihiro; Maulik, Pallab K.; McAlinden, Colm; McGrath, John J.; McKee, Martin; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Mehri, Fereshteh; Mehta, Kala M.; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku; Mereke, Alibek; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Miller, Ted R.; Mills, Edward J.; Mini, G. K.; Miri, Mohammad; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Maryam; Mirzaei, Roya; Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Mithra, Prasanna; Moazen, Babak; Mohammad, Dara K.; Mohammad, Yousef; Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadpourhodki, Reza; Mohammed, Ammas Siraj; Mohammed, Hussen; Mohammed, Jemal Abdu; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Mooney, Meghan D.; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Masoud; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah; Moraga, Paula; Morawska, Lidia; Morgado-da-Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosapour, Abbas; Mosser, Jonathan F.; Mouodi, Simin; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath; Mullany, Erin C.; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Nabhan, Ashraf F.; Naderi, Mehdi; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagel, Gabriele; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naghshtabrizi, Behshad; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Najafi, Farid; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Naserbakht, Morteza; Nayak, Vinod C.; Negoi, Ionut; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi; Nguyen, Minh; Nigatu, Yeshambel T.; Nikbakhsh, Rajan; Nixon, Molly R.; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Nomura, Shuhei; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nowak, Christoph; Nunez-Samudio, Virginia; Otoiu, Adrian; Oancea, Bogdan; Odell, Christopher M.; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oh, In-Hwan; Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera; Oladnabi, Morteza; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Omer, Muktar Omer; Ong, Kanyin L.; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Orpana, Heather M.; Ortiz, Alberto; Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo; Osei, Frank B.; Ostroff, Samuel M.; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Overland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; Mahesh, P. A.; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Palladino, Raffaele; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Anamika; Parry, Charles D. 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N.; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaei, Nima; Rezapour, Aziz; Rhinehart, Phoebe-Anne; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Ribeiro, Daniel Cury; Ribeiro, Daniela; Rickard, Jennifer; Rivera, Juan A.; Roberts, Nicholas L. S.; Rodriguez-Ramirez, Sonia; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Room, Robin; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Roth, Gregory A.; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Rubagotti, Enrico; Rwegerera, Godfrey M.; Sabour, Siamak; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Sadeghi, Masoumeh; Saeedi, Reza; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Safari, Yahya; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sajadi, S. Mohammad; Salam, Nasir; Salamati, Payman; Salem, Hosni; Salem, Marwa R. Rashad; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salman, Omar Mukhtar; Salomon, Joshua A.; Samad, Zainab; Kafil, Hossein Samadi; Sambala, Evanson Zondani; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Sanchez-Pimienta, Tania G.; Santomauro, Damian Francesco; Santos, Itamar S.; Santos, Joao Vasco; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sarveazad, Arash; Sathian, Brijesh; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu; Sattin, Davide; Saxena, Sonia; Schaeffer, Lauren E.; Schiavolin, Silvia; Schlaich, Markus P.; Schmidt, Maria Ines; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth; Schwebel, David C.; Schwendicke, Falk; Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Serdar, Berrin; Serre, Marc L.; Shadid, Jamileh; Shafaat, Omid; Shahabi, Saeed; Shaheen, Amira A.; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shalash, Ali S.; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsizadeh, Morteza; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheikhtaheri, Abbas; Shibuya, Kenji; Shield, Kevin David; Shigematsu, Mika; Il Shin, Jae; Shin, Min-Jeong; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shuval, Kerem; Siabani, Soraya; Sierpinski, Radoslaw; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silva, Joao Pedro; Simpson, Kyle E.; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singh, Pushpendra; Skiadaresi, Eirini; Skou, Soren T. 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D.; Soriano, Joan B.; Sorrie, Muluken Bekele; Soshnikov, Sergey; Soyiri, Ireneous N.; Spencer, Cory N.; Spotin, Adel; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Srinivasan, Vinay; Stanaway, Jeffrey D.; Stein, Caroline; Stein, Dan J.; Steiner, Caitlyn; Stockfelt, Leo; Stokes, Mark A.; Straif, Kurt; Stubbs, Jacob L.; Sufiyan, Mu\awiyyah Babale; Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi; Sulo, Gerhard; Sultan, Iyad; Szumowski, Lukasz; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabb, Karen M.; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Taherkhani, Amir; Tajdini, Masih; Takahashi, Ken; Takala, Jukka S.; Tamiru, Animut Tagele; Taveira, Nuno; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Tesema, Getayeneh Antehunegn; Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse; Thurston, George D.; Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna; Tohidinik, Hamid Reza; Tonelli, Marcello; Topor-Madry, Roman; Topouzis, Fotis; Torre, Anna E.; Touvier, Mathilde; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto; Tran, Bach Xuan; Travillian, Ravensara; Tsatsakis, Aristidis; Car, Lorainne Tudor; Tyrovolas, Stefanos; Uddin, Riaz; Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David; Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran; Upadhyay, Era; Vacante, Marco; Valdez, Pascual R.; van Donkelaar, Aaron; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Vasseghian, Yasser; Veisani, Yousef; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Violante, Francesco S.; Vlassov, Vasily; Vollset, Stein Emil; Vos, Theo; Vukovic, Rade; Waheed, Yasir; Wallin, Mitchell Taylor; Wang, Yafeng; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Watson, Alexandrea; Wei, Jingkai; Wei, Melissa Y. 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ISI:000579154000008
ISSN: 0140-6736
CID: 4703052
Lancet. 2020:396(10258):1135-1159.DOI:

Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 [Editorial]

Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbas, Kaja M.; Abbasi, Mohammad; Abbasifard, Mitra; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahi, Mohammad; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abedi, Aidin; Abedi, Parisa; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abosetugn, Akine Eshete; Aboyans, Victor; Abrams, Elissa M.; Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes; Abrigo, Michael R. M.; Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid; Abualhasan, Ahmed; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal; Abushouk, Abdelrahman I.; Acebedo, Alyssa; Ackerman, Ilana N.; Adabi, Maryam; Adair, Tim; Adamu, Abdu A.; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adelson, Jaimie D.; Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Adham, Davoud; Advani, Shailesh M.; Afarideh, Mohsen; Afshari, Mahdi; Afshin, Ashkan; Agardh, Emilie E.; Agarwal, Gina; Agasthi, Pradyumna; Agesa, Kareha M.; Aghaali, Mohammad; Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem; Agrawal, Anurag; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmadi, Alireza; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Ahmadpour, Ehsan; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Aji, Budi; Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Akombi, Blessing; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alam, Noore; Alam, Samiah; Alam, Tahiya; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi, Turki M.; Albertson, Samuel B.; Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth; Alema, Niguse Meles; Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun; Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta; Alhabib, Khalid F.; Alhassan, Robert Kaba; Ali, Muhammad; Ali, Saqib; Alicandro, Gianfranco; Alijanzadeh, Mehran; Alinia, Cyrus; Alipour, Vahid; Alizade, Hesam; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alla, Francois; Allebeck, Peter; Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad; Almasi, Ali; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Almasri, Nihad A.; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.; Almulhim, Abdulaziz M.; Alonso, Jordi; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.; Altirkawi, Khalid A.; Alumran, Arwa Khalid; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.; Amare, Azmeraw T.; Amare, Bekalu; Amini, Saeed; Amini-Rarani, Mostafa; Aminorroaya, Arya; Amiri, Fatemeh; Amit, Arianna Maever L.; Amugsi, Dickson A.; Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera; Anbesu, Etsay Woldu; Ancuceanu, Robert; Anderlini, Deanna; Anderson, Jason A.; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Andrei, Tudorel; Androudi, Sofia; Angus, Colin; Anjomshoa, Mina; Ansari, Fereshteh; Ansari, Iman; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antony, Catherine M.; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Anvari, Davood; Anwer, Razique; Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Arba, Aseb Arba Kinfe; Aremu, Olatunde; Ariani, Filippo; Aripov, Timur; Armoon, Bahram; Arnlov, Johan; Arowosegbe, Oluwaseyi Olalekan; Aryal, Krishna K.; Arzani, Afsaneh; Asaad, Malke; Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran; Asadi-Pooya, Ali A.; Asgari, Samaneh; Asghari, Babak; Jafarabadi, Mohammad Asghari; Ashbaugh, Charlie; Assmus, Michael; Atafar, Zahra; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Atnafu, Desta Debalkie; Atout, Maha Moh\d Wahbi; Atre, Sachin R.; Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan; Ausloos, Floriane; Ausloos, Marcel; Avila-Burgos, Leticia; Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Aynalem, Getie Lake; Aynalem, Yared Asmare; Ayza, Muluken Altaye; Azari, Samad; Azarian, Ghasem; Azene, Zelalem Nigussie; Azhar, Gulrez; Azzopardi, Peter S.; Darshan, B. B.; Babaee, Ebrahim; Badawi, Alaa; Badiye, Ashish D.; Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba; Bagli, Eleni; Bahrami, Mohammad Amin; Baig, Atif Amin; Bairwa, Mohan; Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein; Bakhtiari, Ahad; Bakkannavar, Shankar M.; Balachandran, Arun; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar; Balalla, Shivanthi; Balassyano, Shelly; Baldasseroni, Alberto; Ball, Kylie; Ballew, Shoshana H.; Balzi, Daniela; Banach, Maciej; Banerjee, Srikanta K.; Banik, Palash Chandra; Bannick, Marlena S.; Bante, Agegnehu Bante; Bante, Simachew Animen; Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher; Barboza, Miguel A.; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Barnighausen, Till Winfried; Barrero, Lope H.; Barthelemy, Celine M.; Barua, Lingkan; Barzegar, Akbar; Basaleem, Huda; Bassat, Quique; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T.; Bayati, Mohsen; Baye, Bayisa Abdissa; Bazmandegan, Gholamreza; Becker, Jacob S.; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Behzadifar, Masoud; Bejot, Yannick; Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye; Bell, Michelle L.; Bello, Aminu K.; Bender, Rose G.; Bennett, Derrick A.; Bennitt, Fiona B.; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Benziger, Catherine P.; Berhe, Kidanemaryam; Berman, Adam E.; Bernabe, Eduardo; Bernstein, Robert S.; Bertolacci, Gregory J.; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhageerathy, Reshmi; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhandari, Dinesh; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhat, Anusha Ganapati; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bibi, Sadia; Biehl, Molly H.; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Bilano, Ver; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat; Biondi, Antonio; Birihane, Binyam Minuye; Bisanzio, Donal; Bisignano, Catherine; Biswas, Raaj Kishore; Bitew, Helen; Bjorge, Tone; Bockarie, Moses John; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Bohluli, Mehdi; Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa; Bolla, Srinivasa Rao; Boloor, Archith; Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S.; Borges, Guilherme; Borzi, Antonio Maria; Borzouei, Shiva; Bose, Dipan; Bosetti, Cristina; Boufous, Soufiane; Bourne, Rupert; Brady, Oliver J.; Braithwaite, Dejana; Brauer, Michael; Brayne, Carol; Breitborde, Nicholas J. K.; Breitner, Susanne; Brenner, Hermann; Breusov, Alexey V.; Briant, Paul Svitil; Briggs, Andrew M.; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Britton, Gabrielle B.; Brugha, Traolach; Bryazka, Dana; Buchbinder, Rachelle; Bumgarner, Blair R.; Burkart, Katrin; Burnett, Richard Thomas; Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina; Busse, Reinhard; Butt, Zahid A.; Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano; Cahill, Leah E.; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero; Cai, Tianji; Callender, Charlton S. K. H.; Camera, Luis Alberto; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.; Rincon, Julio Cesar Campuzano; Cao, Jackie; Car, Josip; Cardenas, Rosario; Carreras, Giulia; Carrero, Juan J.; Carvalho, Felix; Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio; Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Castelpietra, Giulio; Castle, Chris D.; Castro, Emma; Castro, Franz; Catala-Lopez, Ferran; Causey, Kate; Cederroth, Christopher R.; Cercy, Kelly M.; Cerin, Ester; Chalek, Julian; Chandan, Joht Singh; Chang, Alex R.; Chang, Angela Y.; Chang, Jung-Chen; Chang, Kai-Lan; Charan, Jaykaran; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi, Sarika; Cherbuin, Nicolas; Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel; Chin, Ken Lee; Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo; Cho, Daniel Youngwhan; Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine; Christensen, Hanne; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chung, Michael T.; Chung, Sheng-Chia; Cicuttini, Flavia M.; Ciobanu, Liliana G.; Cirillo, Massimo; Cislaghi, Beniamino; Classen, Thomas Khaled Dwayne; Cohen, Aaron J.; Collins, Emma L.; Comfort, Haley; Compton, Kelly; Conti, Sara; Cooper, Owen R.; Corso, Barbara; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Costa, Vera Marisa; Cousin, Ewerton; Cowden, Richard G.; Cowie, Benjamin C.; Cromwell, Elizabeth A.; Croneberger, Andrew J.; Cross, Di H.; Cross, Marita; Crowe, Christopher Stephen; Cruz, Jessica A.; Cummins, Steven; Cunningham, Matthew; Dahlawi, Saad M. A.; Dai, Haijiang; Dai, Hancheng; Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura; Damiani, Giovanni; D\Amico, Emanuele; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz; Dangel, William James; Danielsson, Anna-Karin; Gela, Jiregna Darega; Dargan, Paul I.; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Daryani, Ahmad; Das, Jai K.; Das Gupta, Rajat; Das Neves, Jose; Dash, Aditya Prasad; Davey, Gail; Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davis, Adrian C.; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; Davletov, Kairat; De Leo, Diego; De Neve, Jan-Walter; Dean, Frances E.; DeCleene, Nicole K.; Deen, Amanda; Degenhardt, Louisa; DeLang, Marissa; Dellavalle, Robert Paul; Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam; Demsie, Desalegn Getnet; Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar; Dereje, Nebiyu Dereje; Deribe, Kebede; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Desai, Rupak; Desalew, Assefa; Dessie, Getenet Ayalew; Deuba, Keshab; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dhungana, Govinda Prasad; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; da Silva, Diana Dias; Diaz, Daniel; Forooshani, Zahra Sadat Dibaji; Dichgans, Martin; Didarloo, Alireza; Dingels, Zachary V.; Dippenaar, Ilse N.; Dirac, M. Ashworth; Djalalinia, Shirin; Do, Hoa Thi; Dokova, Klara; Doku, David Teye; Dolecek, Christiane; Dolgert, Andrew J.; Dorostkar, Fariba; Doshi, Chirag P.; Doshi, Pratik P.; Doshmangir, Leila; Douiri, Abdel; Doxey, Matthew C.; Doyle, Kerrie E.; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Dunachie, Susanna J.; Duncan, Bruce B.; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Eagan, Arielle Wilder; Ebrahimi, Hedyeh; Kalan, Mohammad Ebrahimi; Edvardsson, David; Effiong, Andem; Ehrlich, Joshua R.; El Nahas, Nevine; El Sayed, Iman; Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed; El Tantawi, Maha; Elbarazi, Iffat; Elgendy, Islam Y.; Elhabashy, Hala Rashad; El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I.; Elsharkawy, Aisha; Elyazar, Iqbal R. F.; Emamian, Mohammad Hassan; Emmons-Bell, Sophia; Erskine, Holly E.; Eshrati, Babak; Eskandari, Khalil; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esmaeilnejad, Saman; Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz; Esteghamati, Alireza; Esteghamati, Sadaf; Estep, Kara; Etemadi, Arash; Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas; Ezekannagha, Oluchi; Fanzo, Jessica; Farag, Tamer; Farahmand, Mohammad; Faraj, Anwar; Faraon, Emerito Jose A.; Fareed, Mohammad; Faridnia, Roghiyeh; Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa; Farioli, Andrea; Faris, Pawan Sirwan; Faro, Andre; Faruque, Mithila; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fattahi, Nazir; Fazaeli, Ali Akbar; Fazlzadeh, Mehdi; Feigin, Valery L.; Feldman, Rachel; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Ferrara, Giannina; Ferrara, Pietro; Ferrari, Alize J.; Ferreira, Manuela L.; Feyissa, Garumma Tolu; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fisher, James L.; Fitzgerald, Ryan; Flohr, Carsten; Flor, Luisa Sorio; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich; Force, Lisa M.; Fornari, Carla; Foroutan, Masoud; Fox, Jack T.; Francis, Joel Msafiri; Frank, Tahvi D.; Franklin, Richard Charles; Freitas, Marisa; Fu, Weijia; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Fukutaki, Kai; Fuller, John E.; Fullman, Nancy; Furtado, Joao M.; Gad, Mohamed M.; Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Galles, Natalie C.; Gallus, Silvano; Gamkrelidze, Amiran; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L.; Gardner, William M.; Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle; Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen; Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork; Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn; Gebremeskel, Leake G.; Gebresillassie, Begashaw Melaku; Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew; Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea; Geremew, Abraham; Hayoon, Anna Gershberg; Gesesew, Hailay Abrha; Gething, Peter W.; Gezae, Kebede Embaye; Ghadimi, Maryam; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghajar, Alireza; Ghamari, Farhad; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Ghiasvand, Hesam; Ghith, Nermin; Gholamian, Asadollah; Ghosh, Rakesh; Giampaoli, Simona; Gilani, Syed Amir; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K.; Gillum, Richard F.; Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed; Ginindza, Themba G.; Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan; Giussani, Giorgia; Glagn, Mustefa; Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna; Gnedovskaya, Elena V.; Godinho, Myron Anthony; Goharinezhad, Salime; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goli, Srinivas; Gomez, Ricardo Santiago; Gona, Philimon N.; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goren, Emily; Gorini, Giuseppe; Gorman, Taren M.; Gottlich, Harrison Chase; Goudarzi, Houman; Goudarzian, Amir Hossein; Goulart, Alessandra C.; Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia; Grada, Ayman; Greaves, Felix; Grivna, Michal; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Gudi, Nachiket; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena; Guimaraes, Rafael Alves; Guled, Rashid Abdi; Gultie, Teklemariam; Guo, Gaorui; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Sharan, Subodh; Gupta, Tarun; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hachinski, Vladimir; Haddock, Beatrix; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Hafiz, Abdul; Hagins, Hailey; Haile, Lydia M.; Haile, Teklehaimanot Gereziher; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Hall, Brian J.; Halvaei, Iman; Hamadeh, Randah R.; Abdullah, Kanaan Hamagharib; Hameed, Sajid; Hamidi, Samer; Hamilton, Erin B.; Hammer, Melanie S.; Han, Chieh; Han, Hannah; Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes; Hanif, Asif; Hankey, Graeme J.; Haririan, Hamidreza; Haro, Josep Maria; Harvey, James D.; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hasan, Md Mehedi; Hasanpoor, Edris; Hasanzadeh, Amir; Hashemian, Maryam; Hashi, Abdiwahab; Hassan, Amr; Hassan, Shoaib; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassankhani, Hadi; Havmoeller, Rasmus J.; Hay, Roderick J.; Hay, Simon I.; Hayat, Khezar; Heibati, Behzad; Heidari, Behnam; Heidari, Golnaz; Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza; Hendrie, Delia; Henny, Kiana; Henok, Andualem; Henrikson, Hannah J.; Henry, Nathaniel J.; Herbert, Molly E.; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; Hird, Thomas R.; Ho, Hung Chak; Hoek, Hans W.; Hole, Michael K.; Holla, Ramesh; Hollingsworth, Bruce; Hoogar, Praveen; Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury; Horita, Nobuyuki; Hosgood, H. Dean; Hossain, Naznin; Hosseini, Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Househ, Mowafa; Hoy, Damian G.; Hsairi, Mohamed; Hsiao, Thomas; Hsieh, Vivian Chia-Rong; Hu, Guoqing; Hu, Kejia; Huda, Tanvir M.; Hugo, Fernando N.; Humayun, Ayesha; Hussain, Rabia; Huynh, Chantal K.; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Iannucci, Vincent C.; Iavicoli, Ivo; Ibeneme, Charles Ugochukwu; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ikeda, Nayu; Ikuta, Kevin S.; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja; Ippolito, Helen; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter; Islam, M. Mofizul; Islam, MdMohaimenul; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islami, Farhad; Iso, Hiroyasu; Ivers, Rebecca Q.; Iwu, Chidozie C. D.; Iwu, Chinwe Juliana; Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi; Jaafari, Jalil; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad; Jafari, Hussain; Jafarinia, Morteza; Jahagirdar, Deepa; Jahani, Mohammad Ali; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jalali, Amir; Jalilian, Farzad; James, Spencer L.; Janjani, Hosna; Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar; Javaheri, Tahereh; Javidnia, Javad; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jenabi, Ensiyeh; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S.; Jia, Peng; Johansson, Lars; John, Oommen; John-Akinola, Yetunde O.; Johnson, Catherine Owens; Johnson, Sarah Charlotte; Jonas, Jost B.; Joo, Tamas; Joshi, Ankur; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jurisson, Mikk; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Kalani, Hamed; Kalani, Rizwan; Kalankesh, Leila R.; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kamath, Aruna M.; Kamiab, Zahra; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kapoor, Neeti; Matin, Behzad Karami; Karanikolos, Marina; Karch, Andre; Karim, Mohd Anisul; Karimi, Salah Eddin; Karimi, Seyed Asaad; Karimi, Seyed M.; Kasa, Ayele Semachew; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kawakami, Norito; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Keddie, Suzanne H.; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Keller, Cathleen; Kemmer, Laura; Kendrick, Parkes J.; Kereselidze, Maia; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khalid, Nauman; Khammarnia, Mohammad; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Gulfaraz; Khan, Maseer; Khang, Young-Ho; Khatab, Khaled; Khater, Amir M.; Khater, Mona M.; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Khazaei, Salman; Khazaie, Habibolah; Khodayari, Mohammad Taghi; Khoja, Abdullah T.; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Khundkar, Roba; Kianipour, Neda; Kieling, Christian; Kim, Cho-Il; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Young-Eun; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna; Kissoon, Niranjan; Kivimaki, Mika; Kneib, Cameron J.; Knibbs, Luke D.; Knight, Megan; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kocarnik, Jonathan M.; Kochhar, Sonali; Koh, David S. Q.; Kohler, Stefan; Kolola, Tufa; Komaki, Hamidreza; Kopec, Jacek A.; Korotkova, Anna V.; Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich; Kosen, Soewarta; Kotlo, Anirudh; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Koyanagi, Ai; Kraemer, Moritz U. G.; Kravchenko, Michael A.; Krishan, Kewal; Krohn, Kris J.; Kromhout, Hans; Shaji, K. S.; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kugbey, Nuworza; Kulkarni, Vaman; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kumar, Nithin; Kumar, Pushpendra; Kumar, Vivek; Kumaresh, Girikumar; Kurmi, Om P.; Kusuma, Dian; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe; La Vecchia, Carlo; Ben Lacey; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lallukka, Tea; Lam, Jennifer O.; Lami, Faris Hasan; Lan, Qing; Landires, Ivan; Lang, Justin J.; Langan, Sinead M.; Lansingh, Van Charles; Lansky, Sonia; Larson, Heidi Jane; Larson, Samantha Leigh; Larsson, Anders O.; Lasrado, Savita; Lassi, Zohra S.; Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming; Lauriola, Paolo; Lavados, Pablo M.; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Leal, Lisiane F.; Leasher, Janet L.; Ledesma, Jorge R.; Lee, Paul H.; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Leever, Andrew T.; LeGrand, Kate E.; Leigh, James; Leonardi, Matilde; Lescinsky, Haley; Leung, Janni; Levi, Miriam; Lewington, Sarah; Li, Bingyu; Li, Shanshan; Lim, Lee-Ling; Lin, Christine; Lin, Ro-Ting; Linehan, Christine; Linn, Shai; Listl, Stefan; Liu, Hung-Chun; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Simin; Liu, Xuefeng; Liu, Yang; Liu, Zichen; Lo, Justin; Lodha, Rakesh; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Looker, Katharine J.; Lopez, Alan D.; Lopez, Jaifred Christian F.; Lopukhov, Platon D.; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lozano, Rafael; Lu, Alton; Lucas, Tim C. D.; Lugo, Alessandra; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lyons, Ronan A.; Ma, Jianing; Machado, Daiane Borges; MacLachlan, Jennifer H.; Madadin, Mohammed; Maddison, Emilie R.; Maddison, Ralph; Madotto, Fabiana; Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy; Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy; Mahasha, Phetole Walter; Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi; Mahmoudi, Morteza; Mai, Hue Thi; Majeed, Azeem; Malagon-Rojas, Jeadran N.; Maled, Venkatesh; Maleki, Afshin; Maleki, Shokofeh; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A.; Manafi, Amir; Manafi, Navid; Manda, Ana Laura; Manguerra, Helena; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Mansouri, Borhan; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Herrera, Ana M. Mantilla; Mapoma, Chabila Christopher; Maravilla, Joemer C.; Marks, Ashley; Martin, Randall V.; Martini, Santi; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Martopullo, Ira; Masaka, Anthony; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra; Massano, Joao; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Mastrogiacomo, Claudia I.; Mathur, Manu Raj; Matsushita, Kunihiro; Maulik, Pallab K.; May, Erin A.; Mazidi, Mohsen; McAlinden, Colm; McGrath, John J.; Mckee, Martin; Medina-Solis, Carlo Eduardo; Meharie, Birhanu Geta; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Nasab, Entezar Mehrabi; Mehri, Fereshteh; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mehta, Kala M.; Meitei, Wahengbam Bigyananda; Mekonnen, Teferi; Melese, Addisu; Memiah, Peter T. N.; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku; Mengesha, Meresa Berwo; Mensah, George A.; Mereke, Alibek; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu; Miller, Ted R.; Mills, Edward J.; Milne, George J.; Mini, G. K.; Miri, Mohammad; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Maryam; Mirzaei, Roya; Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Mitchell, Philip B.; Mithra, Prasanna; Moazen, Babak; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohamad, Osama; Mohamadi, Efat; Mohammad, Dara K.; Mohammad, Yousef; Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi; Mohammadbeigi, Abolfazl; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadpourhodki, Reza; Mohammed, Ammas Siraj; Mohammed, Hussen; Mohammed, Jemal Abdu; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohebi, Farnam; Bandpei, Mohammad A. Mohseni; Mokari, Amin; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molokhia, Mariam; Momen, Natalie C.; Monasta, Lorenzo; Mondello, Stefania; Mooney, Meghan D.; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Masoud; Moradi-Joo, Mohammad; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah; Moraga, Paula; Morales, Linda; Morawska, Lidia; Velasquez, Ilais Moreno; Morgado-da-Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosapour, Abbas; Mosser, Jonathan F.; Mouodi, Simin; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath; Mullany, Erin C.; Mumford, John Everett; Munro, Sandra B.; Muriithi, Moses K.; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Mustafa, Ghulam; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Nabavizadeh, Behnam; Nabhan, Ashraf F.; Naderi, Mehdi; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagel, Gabriele; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naghshtabrizi, Behshad; Naik, Gurudatta; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Nair, Sanjeev; Najafi, Farid; Naldi, Luigi; Nandakumar, Vishnu; Nandi, Anita K.; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Naserbakht, Morteza; Nayak, Vinod C.; Nazari, Javad; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Netsere, Henok Biresaw; Neupane, Subas; Ngari, Kiirithio N.; Nguefack-Tsague, Georges; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nguyen, Diep Ngoc; Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi; Nguyen, Jason; Nguyen, Michele; Nguyen, Ming; Nguyen, Trang Huyen; Nichols, Emma; Nigatu, Dabere; Nigatu, Yeshambel T.; Nikbakhsh, Rajan; Nikpoor, Amin Reza; Nixon, Molly R.; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Nomura, Shuhei; Norheim, Ole F.; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Motlagh, Soraya Nouraei; Nowak, Christoph; Nsoesie, Elaine Okanyene; Nunez-Samudio, Virginia; Oancea, Bogdan; Odell, Christopher M.; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oghenetega, Onome Bright; Oh, In-Hwan; Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera; Oladnabi, Morteza; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike; Bali, Ahmed Omar; Omer, Muktar Omer; Ong, Kanyin L.; Ong, Sokking; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Oren, Eyal; Orji, Aislyn U.; Orpana, Heather M.; Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V.; Ortiz, Alberto; Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo; Osei, Frank B.; Ostojic, Sergej M.; Ostroff, Samuel M.; Oiu, Adrian O.; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Overland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; Section, Mahesh P. A.; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Pakhale, Smita; Pakhare, Abhijit P.; Pakshir, Keyvan; Palladino, Raffaele; Pana, Adrian; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Anamika; Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha; Park, Eun-Kee; Park, James; Parmar, Priya G. Kumari; Parry, Charles D. H.; Pasovic, Maja; Pasupula, Deepak Kumar; Patel, Jenil R.; Patel, Sangram Kishor; Paternina-Caicedo, Angel J.; Pathak, Ashish; Pathak, Mona; Patten, Scott B.; Patton, George C.; Paudel, Deepak; Paudel, Sagun; Paulson, Katherine R.; Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki; Pease, Spencer A.; Peden, Amy E.; Pennini, Alyssa; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Peprah, Emmanuel K.; Pereira, Alexandre; Pereira, David M.; Pereira, Jeevan; Perico, Norberto; Pescarini, Julia Moreira; Pesudovs, Konrad; Pham, Hai Quang; Phillips, Michael R.; Piccinelli, Cristiano; Pierce, Maxwell; Pigott, David M.; Pilgrim, Thomas; Pilz, Tessa M.; Pinheiro, Marina; Piradov, Michael A.; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Pishgar, Farhad; Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer; Plass, Dietrich; Pletcher, Martin; Pokhrel, Khem Narayan; Polibin, Roman V.; Polinder, Suzanne; Polkinghorne, Kevan R.; Pond, Constance Dimity; Postma, Maarten J.; Pottoo, Faheem Hyder; Pourjafar, Hadi; Pourmalek, Farshad; Kalhori, Reza Pourmirza; Pourshams, Akram; Poznanska, Anna; Prada, Sergio I.; Prakash, Sanjay; Prakash, V.; Prasad, Narayan; Preotescu, Liliana; Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga; Pupillo, Elisabetta; Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi; Rabiee, Mohammad; Rabiee, Navid; Radfar, Amir; Rafiee, Ata; Rafiei, Alireza; Raggi, Alberto; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali; Rajati, Fatemeh; Rakovac, Ivo; Ram, Pradhum; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana; Rana, Saleem Muhammad; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Ranta, Annemarei; Rao, Puja C.; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rasella, Davide; Rashedi, Vahid; Rastogi, Prateek; Rath, Goura Kishor; Rathi, Priya; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Rawal, Lal; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Rawat, Ramu; Razo, Christian; Boston, Sofia; Regassa, Lemma Demissie; Reiner, Robert C., Jr.; Reinig, Nickolas; Reitsma, Marissa Bettay; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renjith, Vishnu; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaei, Nima; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Rezapour, Aziz; Rhinehart, Phoebe-Anne; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P.; Ribeiro, Daniel Cury; Ribeiro, Daniela; Rickard, Jennifer; Rivera, Juan A.; Robalik, Toshana; Roberts, Nicholas L. S.; Roberts, Shaun; Robinson, Stephen R.; Rodriguez-Ramirez, Sonia; Roever, Leonardo; Rolfe, Sam; Romoli, Michele; Ronfani, Luca; Room, Robin; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Rostamian, Morteza; Roth, Gregory A.; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Rubagotti, Enrico; Rumisha, Susan Fred; Rwegerera, Godfrey M.; Saadatagah, Seyedmohammad; Sabour, Siamak; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Sadeghi, Masoumeh; Saeedi, Reza; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Saeidi, Shahram; Safari, Yahya; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sajadi, S. Mohammad; Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza; Salam, Nasir; Salama, Joseph S.; Salamati, Payman; Zahabi, Saleh Salehi; Salem, Hosni; Salem, Marwa R.; Salimi, Yahya; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salman, Omar Mukhtar; Salomon, Joshua A.; Salz, Inbal; Samad, Zainab; Kafil, Hossein Samadi; Sambala, Evanson Zondani; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Sanchez-Pimienta, Tania G.; Santomauro, Damian Francesco; Santos, Itamar S.; Santos, Joao Vasco; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sarveazad, Arash; Sathian, Brijesh; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu; Sattin, Davide; Savic, Miloje; Sawyer, Susan M.; Saxena, Deepak; Saxena, Sonia; Saylan, Mete; Sbarra, Alyssa N.; Schaeffer, Lauren E.; Schiavolin, Silvia; Schlaich, Markus P.; Schmidt, Maria Ines; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth; Schwebel, David C.; Schwendicke, Falk; Seedat, Soraya; Sekerija, Mario; Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Serdar, Berrin; Serre, Marc L.; Servan-Mori, Edson; Sha, Feng; Shabani, Mahsima; Shackelford, Katya Anne; Shadid, Jamileh; Shafaat, Omid; Shahabi, Saeed; Shahbaz, Mohammad; Shaheen, Amira A.; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shalash, Ali S.; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsi, MohammadBagher; Shamsizadeh, Morteza; Shannawaz, Mohammed; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sharafi, Zeinab; Sharara, Fablina; Sharifi, Hamid; Sharma, Rajesh; Shaw, David H.; Sheena, Brittney S.; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheikhtaheri, Abbas; Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar; Shetty, Ranjitha S.; Shibuya, Kenji; Shield, Kevin David; Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw; Shigematsu, Mika; Il Shin, Jae; Shin, Min-Jeong; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shivakumar, K. M.; Shrime, Mark G.; Shuval, Kerem; Siabani, Soraya; Sierpinski, Radoslaw; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Silva, Joao Pedro; Simonetti, Biagio; Simpson, Kyle E.; Singh, Ambrish; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singh, Pushpendra; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Skiadaresi, Eirini; Skou, Soren T.; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Sliwa, Karen; Smith, Amanda; Smith, Emma U. R.; Sobngwi, Eugene; Soheili, Amin; Sokhan, Anton; Soltani, Shahin; Somefun, Oluwaseyi Dolapo; Soofi, Moslem; Sorensen, Reed J. D.; Soriano, Joan B.; Sorrie, Muluken Bekele; Soshnikov, Sergey; Soyiri, Ireneous N.; Spencer, Cory N.; Spotin, Adel; Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Srinivasan, Vinay; Sripada, Kam; Stanaway, Jeffrey D.; Stark, Benjamin A.; Steel, Nicholas; Stefan, Simona Catalina; Stein, Caroline; Stein, Dan J.; Steiner, Caitlyn; Steiner, Timothy J.; Steuben, Krista M.; Stockfelt, Leo; Stokes, Mark A.; Stovner, Lars Jacob; Straif, Kurt; Stranges, Saverio; Stubbs, Jacob L.; Suchdev, Parminder S.; Sudaryanto, Agus; Sufiyan, Mu\awiyyah Babale; Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi; Sulo, Gerhard; Sultan, Iyad; Swope, Carolyn B.; Sykes, Bryan L.; Sylte, Dillon O.; Szocska, Miklos; Szumowski, Lukasz; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabb, Karen M.; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar; Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu; Tadesse, Degena Bahrey; Taherkhani, Amir; Tahir, Zarfishan; Tajdini, Masih; Takahashi, Ken; Takala, Jukka S.; Tamiru, Animut Tagele; Tang, Muming; Tanser, Frank C.; Tareque, Md Ismail; Tarigan, Ingan Ukur; Taveira, Nuno; Taylor, Heather Jean; Teagle, Whitney L.; Teame, Hirut; Tediosi, Fabrizio; Tefera, Yonas Getaye; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha; Tela, Freweini Gebrearegay; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Terrason, Sonyah; Tesema, Getayeneh Antehunegn; Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse; Thakur, Bhaskar; Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman; Thapar, Rekha; Thomas, Nihal; Thomson, Azalea M.; Thrift, Amanda G.; Thurston, George D.; Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna; Tlou, Boikhutso; Tohidinik, Hamid Reza; Tonelli, Marcello; Topor-Madry, Roman; Topouzis, Fotis; Torre, Anna E.; Touvier, Mathilde; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Traini, Eugenio; Tran, Bach Xuan; Travillian, Ravensara; Trias-Llimos, Sergi; Troeger, Christopher E.; Truelsen, Thomas Clement; Tsai, Alexander C.; Tsatsakis, Aristidis; Car, Lorainne Tudor; Tyrovolas, Stefanos; Uddin, Riaz; Ullah, Irfan; Ullah, Saif; Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David; Undurraga, Eduardo A.; Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran; Upadhyay, Era; Uthman, Olalekan A.; Vacante, Marco; Vaicekonyte, Regina; Vakilian, Alireza; Valdez, Pascual R.; Valli, Alessandro; Van Donkelaar, Aaron; Vardavas, Constantine; Varughese, Santosh; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales; Vasseghian, Yasser; Veisani, Yousef; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Vidale, Simone; Violante, Francesco S.; Vlassov, Vasily; Vollset, Stein Emil; Vongpradith, Avina; Vos, Theo; Vu, Giang Thu; Vujcic, Isidora S.; Vukovic, Ana; Vukovic, Rade; Hawariat, Feleke Gebremeskel W.; Waheed, Yasir; Wallin, Mitchell Taylor; Walters, Magdalene K.; Wamai, Richard G.; Wang, Fang; Wang, Haidong; Wang, Hongbo; Wang, Jiayu; Wang, Yafeng; Wang, Yanzhong; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Ward, Joseph L.; Watson, Alexandrea; Watson, Stefanie; Wei, Jingkai; Wei, Melissa Y. Wei; Weintraub, Robert G.; Weiss, Daniel J.; Weiss, Jordan; Welay, Fissaha Tekulu; Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay; Werdecker, Andrea; West, J. Jason; Westerman, Ronny; Whisnant, Joanna L.; Whiteford, Harvey A.; Wiangkham, Taweewat; Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana; Wiens, Kirsten E.; Wijeratne, Tissa; Wilner, Lauren B.; Wilson, Shadrach; Wiysonge, Charles Shey; Wojtyniak, Bogdan; Woldu, Gebremariam; Wolfe, Charles D. A.; Wondmeneh, Temesgen Gebeyehu; Wondmieneh, Adam Belay; Wool, Eve E.; Wozniak, Sarah S.; Wu, Ai-Min; Wu, Chenkai; Wu, Junjie; Hanson, Sarah Wulf; Wunrow, Han Yong; Xie, Yang; Xu, Gelin; Xu, Rixing; Yadgir, Simon; Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh; Yamada, Tomohide; Yamagishi, Kazumasa; Yaminfirooz, Mousa; Yano, Yuichiro; Yaya, Sanni; Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid; Yearwood, Jamal A.; Yeheyis, Tomas Y.; Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew; Yilgwan, Christopher Sabo; Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu; Yip, Paul; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yoon, Seok-Jun; Lebni, Javad Yoosefi; York, Hunter W.; Younis, Mustafa Z.; Younker, Theodore Patrick; Yousefi, Bahman; Yousefi, Zabihollah; Yousefifard, Mahmoud; Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh; Yousuf, Abdilahi Yousuf; Yu, Chuanhua; Yu, Yong; Yuan, Chun-Wei; Yuce, Deniz; Yusefzadeh, Hasan; Zadey, Siddhesh; Moghadam, Telma Zahirian; Zaidi, Syed Saoud; Zaki, Leila; Zakzuk, Josefina; Bin Zaman, Sojib; Zamani, Mohammad; Zamanian, Maryam; Zandian, Hamed; Zangeneh, Alireza; Zarafshan, Hadi; Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich; Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu; Zhang, Jianrong; Zhang, Yunquan; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Zhao, Jeff T.; Zhao, Xiu-Ju George; Zhao, Yingxi; Zheleva, Bistra; Zheng, Peng; Zhou, Maigeng; Zhu, Cong; Ziapour, Arash; Zimsen, Stephanie R. M.; Zlavog, Bianca S.; Zodpey, Sanjay; Lim, Stephen S.; Murray, Christopher J. L.
ISI:000579154000005
ISSN: 0140-6736
CID: 4677342
JAMA. 2019:322(21):2104-2114.DOI: 10.1001/jama.2019.17379

Development of Risk Prediction Equations for Incident Chronic Kidney Disease

Nelson, Robert G; Grams, Morgan E; Ballew, Shoshana H; Sang, Yingying; Azizi, Fereidoun; Chadban, Steven J; Chaker, Layal; Dunning, Stephan C; Fox, Caroline; Hirakawa, Yoshihisa; Iseki, Kunitoshi; Ix, Joachim; Jafar, Tazeen H; Köttgen, Anna; Naimark, David M J; Ohkubo, Takayoshi; Prescott, Gordon J; Rebholz, Casey M; Sabanayagam, Charumathi; Sairenchi, Toshimi; Schöttker, Ben; Shibagaki, Yugo; Tonelli, Marcello; Zhang, Luxia; Gansevoort, Ron T; Matsushita, Kunihiro; Woodward, Mark; Coresh, Josef; Shalev, Varda
Importance:Early identification of individuals at elevated risk of developing chronic kidney disease (CKD) could improve clinical care through enhanced surveillance and better management of underlying health conditions. Objective:To develop assessment tools to identify individuals at increased risk of CKD, defined by reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Design, Setting, and Participants:Individual-level data analysis of 34 multinational cohorts from the CKD Prognosis Consortium including 5 222 711 individuals from 28 countries. Data were collected from April 1970 through January 2017. A 2-stage analysis was performed, with each study first analyzed individually and summarized overall using a weighted average. Because clinical variables were often differentially available by diabetes status, models were developed separately for participants with diabetes and without diabetes. Discrimination and calibration were also tested in 9 external cohorts (n = 2 253 540). Exposures:Demographic and clinical factors. Main Outcomes and Measures:Incident eGFR of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Results:Among 4 441 084 participants without diabetes (mean age, 54 years, 38% women), 660 856 incident cases (14.9%) of reduced eGFR occurred during a mean follow-up of 4.2 years. Of 781 627 participants with diabetes (mean age, 62 years, 13% women), 313 646 incident cases (40%) occurred during a mean follow-up of 3.9 years. Equations for the 5-year risk of reduced eGFR included age, sex, race/ethnicity, eGFR, history of cardiovascular disease, ever smoker, hypertension, body mass index, and albuminuria concentration. For participants with diabetes, the models also included diabetes medications, hemoglobin A1c, and the interaction between the 2. The risk equations had a median C statistic for the 5-year predicted probability of 0.845 (interquartile range [IQR], 0.789-0.890) in the cohorts without diabetes and 0.801 (IQR, 0.750-0.819) in the cohorts with diabetes. Calibration analysis showed that 9 of 13 study populations (69%) had a slope of observed to predicted risk between 0.80 and 1.25. Discrimination was similar in 18 study populations in 9 external validation cohorts; calibration showed that 16 of 18 (89%) had a slope of observed to predicted risk between 0.80 and 1.25. Conclusions and Relevance:Equations for predicting risk of incident chronic kidney disease developed from more than 5 million individuals from 34 multinational cohorts demonstrated high discrimination and variable calibration in diverse populations. Further study is needed to determine whether use of these equations to identify individuals at risk of developing chronic kidney disease will improve clinical care and patient outcomes.
PMID: 31703124
ISSN: 1538-3598
CID: 5101462
Hypertension. 2019:74(6):1373-1382.DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13496

Short-Term Prognostic Impact of Arterial Stiffness in Older Adults Without Prevalent Cardiovascular Disease

Kim, Esther D; Ballew, Shoshana H; Tanaka, Hirofumi; Heiss, Gerardo; Coresh, Josef; Matsushita, Kunihiro
Arterial stiffness, represented as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD). In older populations, however, this association seems attenuated. Moreover, the prognostic values of pulse wave velocity at different arterial segments and newer parameters like cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) remain unclear, especially in US older adults. In 3034 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study participants (66-90 years) without CVD, we examined the associations of 4 pulse wave velocity measures (cfPWV, heart-femoral, brachial-ankle, heart-ankle) and 2 new measures of arterial stiffness (CAVI and cardio-femoral vascular index derived from heart-ankle and heart-femoral, respectively) with incident CVD (coronary disease, stroke, and heart failure) and all-cause mortality. Over a median follow-up of 4.4 years, there were 168 incident CVD events and 244 deaths. Overall, stiffness measures did not show strong associations with CVD, except cfPWV, which demonstrated a J-shaped association even after adjusting for potential confounders (hazard ratio, 1.83 [95% CI, 1.08-3.09] in top quartile and 1.97 [1.14-3.39] in bottom quartile versus second bottom quartile). When each CVD was examined separately, heart failure was most robustly associated with higher cfPWV, and stroke was strongly associated with lower cfPWV. There were no significant associations with all-cause mortality. Among different measures of pulse wave velocity, cfPWV showed the strongest associations with CVD, especially heart failure, in older adults without CVD. Other pulse wave velocity measures had no strong associations. Our findings further support cfPWV as the index measure of arterial stiffness and the link of arterial stiffness to heart failure development but also suggest somewhat limited prognostic value of arterial stiffness in older adults overall.
PMCID:7110414
PMID: 31679417
ISSN: 1524-4563
CID: 5585542
Journal of the American Heart Association. 2019:8(21).DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.119.013534

Physical Activity and Subsequent Risk of Hospitalization With Peripheral Artery Disease and Critical Limb Ischemia in the ARIC Study

Lu, Yifei; Ballew, Shoshana H; Kwak, Lucia; Selvin, Elizabeth; Kalbaugh, Corey A; Schrack, Jennifer A; Matsushita, Kunihiro; Szklo, Moyses
Background Whether physical activity is a determinant of peripheral artery disease (PAD) remains unclear. We therefore assessed the association of physical activity (amount and intensity) with subsequent risk of hospitalization with PAD and its severe form, critical limb ischemia, in the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study. Methods and Results We included 12 513 participants free of cardiovascular disease at baseline (1987-1989), with a mean age of 53.9 years, 55.3% women, and 25.0% black. Physical activity was assessed using a modified Baecke questionnaire and categorized into poor (no moderate [3 to <6 metabolic equivalents] or vigorous [≥6 metabolic equivalents] exercise), intermediate (1-74 min/wk vigorous or 1-149 min/wk moderate plus vigorous exercise), and recommended (≥75 min/wk vigorous or ≥150 min/wk moderate plus vigorous exercise). We also modeled moderate and vigorous exercise individually. All analyses applied Cox regression models. Intermediate and recommended exercise were seen in 24.7% and 38.1%, respectively. During a median follow-up of 25.4 years, 434 incident hospitalizations with PAD (166 critical limb ischemia) were documented. Recommended versus poor activity was associated with a lower demographically adjusted PAD risk (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54-0.85) but attenuated after accounting for lifestyle factors (hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.66-1.05). When analyzing moderate and vigorous exercise separately, vigorous exercise was robustly related to lower risk of hospitalization with PAD, and critical limb ischemia in particular (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.54-0.97 per 200 metabolic equivalents*min/wk increment in the most extended model). Conclusions Higher amount and intensity of physical activity were related to lower risks of hospitalization with PAD and critical limb ischemia, further highlighting the importance of engaging in physical activity for vascular health.
PMCID:6898846
PMID: 31642360
ISSN: 2047-9980
CID: 5642182
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2019:30(10):2027-2036.DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2019030240

APOL1 Kidney Risk Variants and Cardiovascular Disease: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis

Grams, Morgan E; Surapaneni, Aditya; Ballew, Shoshana H; Appel, Lawrence J; Boerwinkle, Eric; Boulware, L Ebony; Chen, Teresa K; Coresh, Josef; Cushman, Mary; Divers, Jasmin; Gutiérrez, Orlando M; Irvin, Marguerite R; Ix, Joachim H; Kopp, Jeffrey B; Kuller, Lewis H; Langefeld, Carl D; Lipkowitz, Michael S; Mukamal, Kenneth J; Musani, Solomon K; Naik, Rakhi P; Pajewski, Nicholas M; Peralta, Carmen A; Tin, Adrienne; Wassel, Christina L; Wilson, James G; Winkler, Cheryl A; Young, Bessie A; Zakai, Neil A; Freedman, Barry I
BACKGROUND:) are strongly associated with kidney disease in blacks. Kidney disease itself increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, but whether these variants have an independent direct effect on the risk of cardiovascular disease is unclear. Previous studies have had inconsistent results. METHODS:kidney-risk variants with adjudicated cardiovascular disease events and death, independent of kidney measures. The analysis included 21,305 blacks from eight large cohorts. RESULTS:genotype was also not associated with death. There was no difference in adjusted associations by level of kidney function, age, diabetes status, or body-mass index. CONCLUSIONS:kidney-risk variants were not associated with incident cardiovascular disease or death independent of kidney measures.
PMCID:6779370
PMID: 31383730
ISSN: 1533-3450
CID: 4318952