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186


Structural Basis for Regulation of GPR56/ADGRG1 by Its Alternatively Spliced Extracellular Domains

Salzman, Gabriel S; Ackerman, Sarah D; Ding, Chen; Koide, Akiko; Leon, Katherine; Luo, Rong; Stoveken, Hannah M; Fernandez, Celia G; Tall, Gregory G; Piao, Xianhua; Monk, Kelly R; Koide, Shohei; Arac, Demet
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors (aGPCRs) play critical roles in diverse neurobiological processes including brain development, synaptogenesis, and myelination. aGPCRs have large alternatively spliced extracellular regions (ECRs) that likely mediate intercellular signaling; however, the precise roles of ECRs remain unclear. The aGPCR GPR56/ADGRG1 regulates both oligodendrocyte and cortical development. Accordingly, human GPR56 mutations cause myelination defects and brain malformations. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the GPR56 ECR, the first structure of any complete aGPCR ECR, in complex with an inverse-agonist monobody, revealing a GPCR-Autoproteolysis-Inducing domain and a previously unidentified domain that we term Pentraxin/Laminin/neurexin/sex-hormone-binding-globulin-Like (PLL). Strikingly, PLL domain deletion caused increased signaling and characterizes a GPR56 splice variant. Finally, we show that an evolutionarily conserved residue in the PLL domain is critical for oligodendrocyte development in vivo. Thus, our results suggest that the GPR56 ECR has unique and multifaceted regulatory functions, providing novel insights into aGPCR roles in neurobiology.
PMCID:5036532
PMID: 27657451
ISSN: 1097-4199
CID: 2280502

Allosteric Inhibition of Bcr-Abl Kinase by High-Affinity Monobody Inhibitors Directed to the SH2-Kinase Interface

Wojcik, John; Lamontanara, Allan Joaquim; Grabe, Grzegorz; Koide, Akiko; Akin, Louesa; Gerig, Barbara; Hantschel, Oliver; Koide, Shohei
Bcr-Abl is a constitutively active kinase that causes chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). We have shown that a tandem fusion of two designed binding proteins, termed monobodies, respectively directed to the interaction interface between the SH2 and kinase domains and to the phosphotyrosine-binding site of the SH2 domain inhibits the of Bcr-Abl kinase activity. Because the latter monobody inhibits processive phosphorylation by Bcr-Abl and the SH2-kinase interface is occluded in the active kinase, it remained undetermined whether targeting the SH2-kinase interface alone was sufficient for Bcr-Abl inhibition. To address this question, we generated new, higher-affinity monobodies, with single nanomolar KD values, targeting the kinase-binding surface of SH2. Structural and mutagenesis studies revealed the molecular underpinnings of the monobody-SH2 interactions. Importantly, the new monobodies inhibited Bcr-Abl kinase activity in vitro and in cells, and they potently induced cell death in CML cell lines. This work provides strong evidence for the SH2-kinase interface as a pharmacologically tractable site for allosteric inhibition of Bcr-Abl.
PMCID:4861451
PMID: 26912659
ISSN: 1083-351x
CID: 2004682

Antigen clasping by two antigen-binding sites of an exceptionally specific antibody for histone methylation

Hattori, Takamitsu; Lai, Darson; Dementieva, Irina S; Montano, Sherwin P; Kurosawa, Kohei; Zheng, Yupeng; Akin, Louesa R; Swist-Rosowska, Kalina M; Grzybowski, Adrian T; Koide, Akiko; Krajewski, Krzysztof; Strahl, Brian D; Kelleher, Neil L; Ruthenburg, Alexander J; Koide, Shohei
Antibodies have a well-established modular architecture wherein the antigen-binding site residing in the antigen-binding fragment (Fab or Fv) is an autonomous and complete unit for antigen recognition. Here, we describe antibodies departing from this paradigm. We developed recombinant antibodies to trimethylated lysine residues on histone H3, important epigenetic marks and challenging targets for molecular recognition. Quantitative characterization demonstrated their exquisite specificity and high affinity, and they performed well in common epigenetics applications. Surprisingly, crystal structures and biophysical analyses revealed that two antigen-binding sites of these antibodies form a head-to-head dimer and cooperatively recognize the antigen in the dimer interface. This "antigen clasping" produced an expansive interface where trimethylated Lys bound to an unusually extensive aromatic cage in one Fab and the histone N terminus to a pocket in the other, thereby rationalizing the high specificity. A long-neck antibody format with a long linker between the antigen-binding module and the Fc region facilitated antigen clasping and achieved both high specificity and high potency. Antigen clasping substantially expands the paradigm of antibody-antigen recognition and suggests a strategy for developing extremely specific antibodies.
PMCID:4776465
PMID: 26862167
ISSN: 1091-6490
CID: 2004692

ETO family protein Mtgr1 mediates Prdm14 functions in stem cell maintenance and primordial germ cell formation

Nady, Nataliya; Gupta, Ankit; Ma, Ziyang; Swigut, Tomek; Koide, Akiko; Koide, Shohei; Wysocka, Joanna
Prdm14 is a sequence-specific transcriptional regulator of embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency and primordial germ cell (PGC) formation. It exerts its function, at least in part, through repressing genes associated with epigenetic modification and cell differentiation. Here, we show that this repressive function is mediated through an ETO-family co-repressor Mtgr1, which tightly binds to the pre-SET/SET domains of Prdm14 and co-occupies its genomic targets in mouse ESCs. We generated two monobodies, synthetic binding proteins, targeting the Prdm14 SET domain and demonstrate their utility, respectively, in facilitating crystallization and structure determination of the Prdm14-Mtgr1 complex, or as genetically encoded inhibitor of the Prdm14-Mtgr1 interaction. Structure-guided point mutants and the monobody abrogated the Prdm14-Mtgr1 association and disrupted Prdm14's function in mESC gene expression and PGC formation in vitro. Altogether, our work uncovers the molecular mechanism underlying Prdm14-mediated repression and provides renewable reagents for studying and controlling Prdm14 functions.
PMCID:4749557
PMID: 26523391
ISSN: 2050-084x
CID: 2004702

Architecture of the fungal nuclear pore inner ring complex

Stuwe, Tobias; Bley, Christopher J; Thierbach, Karsten; Petrovic, Stefan; Schilbach, Sandra; Mayo, Daniel J; Perriches, Thibaud; Rundlet, Emily J; Jeon, Young E; Collins, Leslie N; Huber, Ferdinand M; Lin, Daniel H; Paduch, Marcin; Koide, Akiko; Lu, Vincent; Fischer, Jessica; Hurt, Ed; Koide, Shohei; Kossiakoff, Anthony A; Hoelz, Andre
The nuclear pore complex (NPC) constitutes the sole gateway for bidirectional nucleocytoplasmic transport. We present the reconstitution and interdisciplinary analyses of the ~425-kilodalton inner ring complex (IRC), which forms the central transport channel and diffusion barrier of the NPC, revealing its interaction network and equimolar stoichiometry. The Nsp1*Nup49*Nup57 channel nucleoporin heterotrimer (CNT) attaches to the IRC solely through the adaptor nucleoporin Nic96. The CNT*Nic96 structure reveals that Nic96 functions as an assembly sensor that recognizes the three-dimensional architecture of the CNT, thereby mediating the incorporation of a defined CNT state into the NPC. We propose that the IRC adopts a relatively rigid scaffold that recruits the CNT to primarily form the diffusion barrier of the NPC, rather than enabling channel dilation.
PMCID:4826903
PMID: 26316600
ISSN: 1095-9203
CID: 2004742

A High Through-put Platform for Recombinant Antibodies to Folded Proteins

Hornsby, Michael; Paduch, Marcin; Miersch, Shane; Saaf, Annika; Matsuguchi, Tet; Lee, Brian; Wypisniak, Karolina; Doak, Allison; King, Daniel; Usatyuk, Svitlana; Perry, Kimberly; Lu, Vince; Thomas, William; Luke, Judy; Goodman, Jay; Hoey, Robert J; Lai, Darson; Griffin, Carly; Li, Zhijian; Vizeacoumar, Franco J; Dong, Debbie; Campbell, Elliot; Anderson, Stephen; Zhong, Nan; Graslund, Susanne; Koide, Shohei; Moffat, Jason; Sidhu, Sachdev; Kossiakoff, Anthony; Wells, James
Antibodies are key reagents in biology and medicine, but commercial sources are rarely recombinant and thus do not provide a permanent and renewable resource. Here, we describe an industrialized platform to generate antigens and validated recombinant antibodies for 346 transcription factors (TFs) and 211 epigenetic antigens. We describe an optimized automated phage display and antigen expression pipeline that in aggregate produced about 3000 sequenced Fragment antigen-binding domain that had high affinity (typically EC50<20 nm), high stability (Tm approximately 80 degrees C), good expression in E. coli ( approximately 5 mg/L), and ability to bind antigen in complex cell lysates. We evaluated a subset of Fabs generated to homologous SCAN domains for binding specificities. These Fragment antigen-binding domains were monospecific to their target SCAN antigen except in rare cases where they cross-reacted with a few highly related antigens. Remarkably, immunofluorescence experiments in six cell lines for 270 of the TF antigens, each having multiple antibodies, show that approximately 70% stain predominantly in the cytosol and approximately 20% stain in the nucleus which reinforces the dominant role that translocation plays in TF biology. These cloned antibody reagents are being made available to the academic community through our web site recombinant-antibodies.org to allow a more system-wide analysis of TF and chromatin biology. We believe these platforms, infrastructure, and automated approaches will facilitate the next generation of renewable antibody reagents to the human proteome in the coming decade.
PMCID:4597156
PMID: 26290498
ISSN: 1535-9484
CID: 2004752

Monobody-mediated alteration of enzyme specificity

Tanaka, Shun-Ichi; Takahashi, Tetsuya; Koide, Akiko; Ishihara, Satoru; Koikeda, Satoshi; Koide, Shohei
Current methods for engineering enzymes modify enzymes themselves and require a detailed mechanistic understanding or a high-throughput assay. Here, we describe a new approach where catalytic properties are modulated with synthetic binding proteins, termed monobodies, directed to an unmodified enzyme. Using the example of a beta-galactosidase from Bacillus circulans, we efficiently identified monobodies that restricted its substrates for its transgalactosylation reaction and selectively enhanced the production of small oligosaccharide prebiotics.
PMCID:4989918
PMID: 26322825
ISSN: 1552-4469
CID: 2004732

Crystal structures of a double-barrelled fluoride ion channel

Stockbridge, Randy B; Kolmakova-Partensky, Ludmila; Shane, Tania; Koide, Akiko; Koide, Shohei; Miller, Christopher; Newstead, Simon
To contend with hazards posed by environmental fluoride, microorganisms export this anion through F(-)-specific ion channels of the Fluc family. Since the recent discovery of Fluc channels, numerous idiosyncratic features of these proteins have been unearthed, including strong selectivity for F(-) over Cl(-) and dual-topology dimeric assembly. To understand the chemical basis for F(-) permeation and how the antiparallel subunits convene to form a F(-)-selective pore, here we solve the crystal structures of two bacterial Fluc homologues in complex with three different monobody inhibitors, with and without F(-) present, to a maximum resolution of 2.1 A. The structures reveal a surprising 'double-barrelled' channel architecture in which two F(-) ion pathways span the membrane, and the dual-topology arrangement includes a centrally coordinated cation, most likely Na(+). F(-) selectivity is proposed to arise from the very narrow pores and an unusual anion coordination that exploits the quadrupolar edges of conserved phenylalanine rings.
PMCID:4876929
PMID: 26344196
ISSN: 1476-4687
CID: 2004722

Assessment of a method to characterize antibody selectivity and specificity for use in immunoprecipitation

Marcon, Edyta; Jain, Harshika; Bhattacharya, Anandi; Guo, Hongbo; Phanse, Sadhna; Pu, Shuye; Byram, Gregory; Collins, Ben C; Dowdell, Evan; Fenner, Maria; Guo, Xinghua; Hutchinson, Ashley; Kennedy, Jacob J; Krastins, Bryan; Larsen, Brett; Lin, Zhen-Yuan; Lopez, Mary F; Loppnau, Peter; Miersch, Shane; Nguyen, Tin; Olsen, Jonathan B; Paduch, Marcin; Ravichandran, Mani; Seitova, Alma; Vadali, Gouri; Vogelsang, Maryann S; Whiteaker, Jeffrey R; Zhong, Guoqing; Zhong, Nan; Zhao, Lei; Aebersold, Ruedi; Arrowsmith, Cheryl H; Emili, Andrew; Frappier, Lori; Gingras, Anne-Claude; Gstaiger, Matthias; Paulovich, Amanda G; Koide, Shohei; Kossiakoff, Anthony A; Sidhu, Sachdev S; Wodak, Shoshana J; Graslund, Susanne; Greenblatt, Jack F; Edwards, Aled M
Antibodies are used in multiple cell biology applications, but there are no standardized methods to assess antibody quality-an absence that risks data integrity and reproducibility. We describe a mass spectrometry-based standard operating procedure for scoring immunoprecipitation antibody quality. We quantified the abundance of all the proteins in immunoprecipitates of 1,124 new recombinant antibodies for 152 chromatin-related human proteins by comparing normalized spectral abundance factors from the target antigen with those of all other proteins. We validated the performance of the standard operating procedure in blinded studies in five independent laboratories. Antibodies for which the target antigen or a member of its known protein complex was the most abundant protein were classified as 'IP gold standard'. This method generates quantitative outputs that can be stored and archived in public databases, and it represents a step toward a platform for community benchmarking of antibody quality.
PMID: 26121405
ISSN: 1548-7105
CID: 2004762

Aromatic cluster mutations produce focal modulations of beta-sheet structure

Biancalana, Matthew; Makabe, Koki; Yan, Shude; Koide, Shohei
Site-directed mutagenesis is a powerful tool for altering the structure and function of proteins in a focused manner. Here, we examined how a model beta-sheet protein could be tuned by mutation of numerous surface-exposed residues to aromatic amino acids. We designed these aromatic side chain "clusters" at highly solvent-exposed positions in the flat, single-layer beta-sheet of Borrelia outer surface protein A (OspA). This unusual beta-sheet scaffold allows us to interrogate the effects of these mutations in the context of well-defined structure but in the absence of the strong scaffolding effects of globular protein architecture. We anticipated that the introduction of a cluster of aromatic amino acid residues on the beta-sheet surface would result in large conformational changes and/or stabilization and thereby provide new means of controlling the properties of beta-sheets. Surprisingly, X-ray crystal structures revealed that the introduction of aromatic clusters produced only subtle conformational changes in the OspA beta-sheet. Additionally, despite burying a large degree of hydrophobic surface area, the aromatic cluster mutants were slightly less stable than the wild-type scaffold. These results thereby demonstrate that the introduction of aromatic cluster mutations can serve as a means for subtly modulating beta-sheet conformation in protein design.
PMCID:4420532
PMID: 25645104
ISSN: 1469-896x
CID: 2004782