Faculty Bibliography

A salient feature of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is an abundant fibroinflammatory response characterized by the recruitment of immune and mesenchymal cells and the consequent establishment of a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. Here we report the prominent presence of B cells in human pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and PDA lesions as well as in oncogenic K-Ras-driven pancreatic neoplasms in the mouse. The growth of orthotopic pancreatic neoplasms harboring oncogenic K-Ras was significantly compromised in B cell-deficient mice (muMT), and this growth deficiency could be rescued by the reconstitution of a CD1dhighCD5+ B cell subset. The pro-tumorigenic effect of B cells was mediated by their expression of IL-35 through a mechanism involving IL-35-mediated stimulation of tumor cell proliferation. Our results identify a previously unrecognized role for IL-35-producing CD1dhighCD5+ B cells in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer and underscore the potential significance of a B cell/IL-35 axis as a therapeutic target.

Breast cancer (BC) is associated with alterations in a number of growth factor and hormone-regulated signaling pathways. Mouse models of metastatic BC typically feature mutated oncoproteins that activate PI3K, Stat3, and Ras signaling, but the individual and combined roles of these pathways in BC progression are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the relationship between oncogenic pathway activation and breast cancer subtype by analyzing mouse mammary tumor formation in which each pathway was activated singly or pairwise. All three oncogenes showed cooperation during primary tumor formation, but efficient dissemination was only dependent on Ras. In addition, transcriptional profiling demonstrated that Ras induced adenocarcinomas with molecular characteristics related to human basal-like and HER2+ tumors. In contrast, Ras combined with PIK3CAH1047R, an oncogenic mutant linked to ERalpha+/luminal BC in humans, induced metastatic luminal B-like tumors. Consistent with these data, elevated Ras signaling was associated with basal-like and HER2+ subtype tumors in humans, and showed a statistically significant negative association with ER-signaling across all BC. Despite this, there are luminal tumors with elevated Ras signaling. Importantly, when considered as a continuous variable, Ras pathway activation was strongly linked to reduced survival of patients with ERalpha+ disease independent of PI3K or Stat3 activation. Therefore, our studies suggest that Ras activation is a key determinant for dissemination and poor prognosis of ERalpha+/luminal BC in humans, and hormone therapy supplemented with Ras-targeting agents may be beneficial for treating this aggressive subtype.

Dioxygenases of the TET (Ten-Eleven Translocation) family produce oxidized methylcytosines, intermediates in DNA demethylation, as well as new epigenetic marks. Here we show data suggesting that TET proteins maintain the consistency of gene transcription. Embryos lacking Tet1 and Tet3 (Tet1/3 DKO) displayed a strong loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and a concurrent increase in 5-methylcytosine (5mC) at the eight-cell stage. Single cells from eight-cell embryos and individual embryonic day 3.5 blastocysts showed unexpectedly variable gene expression compared with controls, and this variability correlated in blastocysts with variably increased 5mC/5hmC in gene bodies and repetitive elements. Despite the variability, genes encoding regulators of cholesterol biosynthesis were reproducibly down-regulated in Tet1/3 DKO blastocysts, resulting in a characteristic phenotype of holoprosencephaly in the few embryos that survived to later stages. Thus, TET enzymes and DNA cytosine modifications could directly or indirectly modulate transcriptional noise, resulting in the selective susceptibility of certain intracellular pathways to regulation by TET proteins.

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a complex disease comprising diverse subtypes and genetic profiles. Possibly because of the prevalence of genetic alterations activating canonical NF-kappaB activity, a role for oncogenic lesions that activate the alternative NF-kappaB pathway in DLBCL has remained elusive. Here, we show that deletion/mutation of TRAF3, a negative regulator of the alternative NF-kappaB pathway, occurs in approximately 15% of DLBCLs and that it often coexists with BCL6 translocation, which prevents terminal B cell differentiation. Accordingly, in a mouse model constitutive activation of the alternative NF-kappaB pathway cooperates with BCL6 deregulation in DLBCL development. This work demonstrates a key oncogenic role for the alternative NF-kappaB pathway in DLBCL development.

The overexpression of microRNA cluster miR-17-92 has been implicated in development of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The role of miR-17-92 in lymphomagenesis has been extensively investigated; however, because of the developmental defects caused by miR-17-92 dysregulation, its ability to drive tumorigenesis has remained undetermined until recently. Here we demonstrate that overexpression of miR-17-92 in a limited number of hematopoietic cells is sufficient to cause B cell malignancies. In sum, our study provides a novel and physiologically relevant model that exposes the potent ability of miR-17-92 to act as a driver of tumorigenesis.

The genes encoding the variable (V) region of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) are assembled from V, D (diversity), and J (joining) elements through a RAG-mediated recombination process that relies on the recognition of recombination signal sequences (RSSs) flanking the individual elements. Secondary V(D)J rearrangement modifies the original Ig rearrangement if a nonproductive original joint is formed, as a response to inappropriate signaling from a self-reactive BCR, or as part of a stochastic mechanism to further diversify the Ig repertoire. VH replacement represents a RAG-mediated secondary rearrangement in which an upstream VH element recombines with a rearranged VHDHJH joint to generate a new BCR specificity. The rearrangement occurs between the cryptic RSS of the original VH element and the conventional RSS of the invading VH gene, leaving behind a footprint of up to five base pairs (bps) of the original VH gene that is often further obscured by exonuclease activity and N-nucleotide addition. We have previously demonstrated that VH replacement can efficiently rescue the development of B cells that have acquired two nonproductive heavy chain (IgH) rearrangements. Here we describe a novel knock-in mouse model in which the prerearranged IgH locus resembles an endogenously rearranged productive VHDHJH allele. Using this mouse model, we characterized the role of VH replacement in the diversification of the primary Ig repertoire through the modification of productive VHDHJH rearrangements. Our results indicate that VH replacement occurs before Ig light chain rearrangement and thus is not involved in the editing of self-reactive antibodies.

DNA methylation has pivotal regulatory roles in mammalian development, retrotransposon silencing, genomic imprinting, and X-chromosome inactivation. Cancer cells display highly dysregulated DNA methylation profiles characterized by global hypomethylation in conjunction with hypermethylation of promoter CpG islands that presumably lead to genome instability and aberrant expression of tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes. The recent discovery of ten-eleven-translocation (TET) family dioxygenases that oxidize 5mC to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC) in DNA has led to profound progress in understanding the mechanism underlying DNA demethylation. Among the three TET genes, TET2 recurrently undergoes inactivating mutations in a wide range of myeloid and lymphoid malignancies. TET2 functions as a bona fide tumor suppressor particularly in the pathogenesis of myeloid malignancies resembling chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) in human. Here we review diverse functions of TET proteins and the novel epigenetic marks that they generate in DNA methylation/demethylation dynamics and normal and malignant hematopoietic differentiation. The impact of TET2 inactivation in hematopoiesis and various mechanisms modulating the expression or activity of TET proteins are also discussed. Furthermore, we also present evidence that TET2 and TET3 collaborate to suppress aberrant hematopoiesis and hematopoietic transformation. A detailed understanding of the normal and pathological functions of TET proteins may provide new avenues to develop novel epigenetic therapies for treating hematological malignancies.