Faculty Bibliography

OBJECTIVE:Self-efficacy has been identified as key factor in how individuals cope with stress. This study assessed the effectiveness and long-term effects of a one-week digital self-efficacy training among stressed U.S. college students, including those with mental health issues. METHOD/METHODS:A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 93 participants, implementing a digital self-efficacy training combined with Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) against an EMA-only control group. Assessments were conducted at baseline, post-intervention, and one month later. Multivariate analyses were performed to assess changes in outcome variables due to the self-efficacy training. RESULTS:The self-efficacy training was associated with significant increases in self-efficacy (b = 0.10, SE=0.04, p = 0.01) and significant decreases in stress (b=-0.12, SE=0.04, p = 0.001), intolerance of uncertainty (b=-0.11, SE=0.04, p = 0.01), and depression (b=-0.12, SE=0.04, p = 0.002). Significant associations were found between mental health problems and most outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS:This study underscores the effectiveness of digital self-efficacy training in enhancing mental health parameters among challenged college students. Further research across diverse populations is warranted. Considering its potential to address clinical symptoms, integrating this training within clinical settings could serve as a valuable adjunct to other mental health interventions.

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex disorder characterized by chronic and widespread musculoskeletal pain. FM and depression are highly comorbid; however, their relationship remains unclear. In line with the hypothesis that there are bidirectional relationships between symptoms of both disorders, a network analysis was conducted. This method is a graphical representation of a partial correlation matrix between individual symptoms, which enables an understanding of how these symptoms relate to one another. Data were pooled from three studies conducted on patients with FM (n = 219). Well-established network analyses methods were used to illustrate the network of FM and depressive symptoms, determine the centrality and bridge strength of each symptom, and identify clusters from within the data. Most clusters detected included both FM and depression symptoms. The most central symptoms that also exhibited high bridge strength were cognitive and psychological: (1) negative affect, and (2) memory problems. Surprisingly, pain did not emerge as central to this network. Utilizing a network analysis approach to examine symptom-to-symptom relationships yielded novel insight into the maintenance of this comorbidity. The research and clinical implications of the findings, such as developing treatments targeting the most central symptoms and avenues for further research, are discussed.

Globally, most individuals with mental health conditions lack access to specialized care. One strategy to bridge this gap is training people who are not mental health professionals (non-specialists) to deliver brief, manualized psychological interventions, which have demonstrated effectiveness across diverse settings. However, selecting the most suitable intervention for specific populations, contexts, and psychological needs in low-resource settings can be challenging due to the growing number of possible interventions and the differences in evidence of benefits across them. To facilitate this decision-making process, we provide an overview of ten psychological interventions that have demonstrated effectiveness in randomized controlled trials when delivered by non-specialists in low-resource settings for adults: Cognitive Processing Therapy, Common Elements Treatment Approach, Counseling for Alcohol Problems, Friendship Bench, Group Interpersonal Therapy, Healthy Activity Program, Problem Management Plus, Self-Help Plus, Step-by-Step, and the Thinking Healthy Programme. The interventions vary in settings where they have demonstrated effectiveness and the evidence for which conditions show benefit (e.g., depression, posttraumatic stress, substance use, general psychological distress). Considerations when selecting interventions also include the duration of treatment, ranging from 4 to 16 sessions, and the duration of training required for non-specialists, spanning from 5 to 12 days. This article, along with its visual summaries, serves as a guide to support selection of psychological interventions based on population needs, mental health conditions, and available resources.

Recalling positive autobiographical memories has been associated with various positive psychological outcomes, including enhanced mental well-being and self-efficacy. Given the known impact of stress on cognitive functioning, we investigated how momentary stress affects the repeated recall of selected autobiographical mastery memories (e.g., memories of overcoming challenges) in a training to enhance self-efficacy. During this one-week digital training, participants (N = 54) were asked to recall mastery memories, and we assessed their momentary stress levels, memory vividness, and recall feasibility using Ecological Momentary Assessment. Analyses using linear mixed-effects models showed that participants reported greater difficulty and less vividness in recalling self-efficacy memories during moments of increased stress, whereas feeling relaxed facilitated recall feasibility and vividness. Though participants who experienced less recall difficulty appeared to benefit more, recall difficulty and vividness did not significantly moderate improvements in self-efficacy. While replication in a larger, more diverse sample is indicated, our findings underscore the importance of considering momentary affect in memory-based mental health interventions. Effects may be particularly pronounced when interventions are applied during the early stages of stress, when stress levels are still relatively low, aligning with the strategy of Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions. Our study also highlights the potential benefits of combining memory recall practices with relaxation-promoting interventions to enhance mental health outcomes.

Colombia hosts the largest number of refugees and migrants fleeing the humanitarian emergency in Venezuela, many of whom experience high levels of displacement-related trauma and adversity. Yet, Colombian mental health services do not meet the needs of this population. Scalable, task-sharing interventions, such as Group Problem Management Plus (Group PM+), have the potential to bridge this gap by utilizing lay workers to provide the intervention. However, the current literature lacks a comprehensive understanding of how and for whom Group PM+ is most effective. This mixed methods study utilized data from a randomized effectiveness-implementation trial to examine the mediators and moderators of Group PM+ on mental health outcomes. One hundred twenty-eight migrant and refugee women in northern Colombia participated in Group PM+ delivered by trained community members. Patterns in moderation effects showed that participants in more stable, less marginalized positions improved the most. Results from linear regression models showed that Group PM+-related skill acquisition was not a significant mediator of the association between session attendance and mental health outcomes. Participants and facilitators reported additional possible mediators and community-level moderators that warrant future research. Further studies are needed to examine mediators and moderators contributing to the effectiveness of task-shared, scalable, psychological interventions in diverse contexts.

Objective: Disclosure of deployment-related experiences among military couples is generally beneficial to mental health and relationship adjustment. Yet, disclosure by the spouse is rarely studied, as are the dyadic associations between disclosure and outcomes in both partners. The present study used a dyadic approach to study the relationship between disclosure or concealment on one hand and mental health and relationship adjustment on the other hand among Israeli military couples. Method: Sixty-three Israel Defense Force (IDF) combat veterans (all male) and their spouses (all female; N = 126) completed self-report questionnaires about disclosure and concealment of deployment-related experiences to their partner; relationship adjustment; depression; and posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Six Actor"“Partner Interdependence Models (APIM) were used for dyadic analysis. Results: We found lower disclosure and higher concealment of deployment-related experiences by veterans compared to spouses. The veteran"™s concealment of deployment-related experiences was associated with lower relationship adjustment for both partners and with the veteran"™s own higher PTSS. The spouse"™s concealment was associated with greater depression for both partners and with the spouse"™s own higher PTSS. Neither actor nor partner effects were found for disclosure regarding all three outcomes. Conclusions: Concealment of deployment-related experiences among military couples may have detrimental implications on the mental health and relationship adjustment of both the concealer and their partner. The spouse"™s concealment of their experience was as related to mental health and relationship adjustment as the veteran"™s concealment. The findings highlight the need to address communication about deployment-related experiences by both partners among military couples.

Migrants and refugees face elevated risks for mental health problems but have limited access to services. This study compared two strategies for training and supervising nonspecialists to deliver a scalable psychological intervention, Group Problem Management Plus (gPM+), in northern Colombia. Adult women who reported elevated psychological distress and functional impairment were randomized to receive gPM+ delivered by nonspecialists who received training and supervision by: 1) a psychologist (specialized technical support); or 2) a nonspecialist who had been trained as a trainer/supervisor (nonspecialized technical support). We examined effectiveness and implementation outcomes using a mixed-methods approach. Thirteen nonspecialists were trained as gPM+ facilitators and three were trained-as-trainers. We enrolled 128 women to participate in gPM+ across the two conditions. Intervention attendance was higher in the specialized technical support condition. The nonspecialized technical support condition demonstrated higher fidelity to gPM+ and lower cost of implementation. Other indicators of effectiveness, adoption and implementation were comparable between the two implementation strategies. These results suggest it is feasible to implement mental health interventions, like gPM+, using lower-resource, community-embedded task sharing models, while maintaining safety and fidelity. Further evidence from fully powered trials is needed to make definitive conclusions about the relative cost of these implementation strategies.

Task-sharing approaches that train non-specialist providers (NSPs), people without specialized clinical training, are increasingly utilized to address the global mental health treatment gap. This review consolidates findings from peer reviewed articles on the impact of task-sharing mental health interventions on NSPs at the individual, family and community level. Studies that highlighted facilitators, barriers and recommendations for improving the experiences of NSPs were also included in the review. Fifteen studies, conducted across eight countries, met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies were conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa, six in South and Southeast Asia and two studies were conducted in high-income countries in Europe. Benefits for NSPs included personal application of mental health skills, elevated community status and increased social networks. Challenges include burnout, lack of career progression and difficult workplace environments. Findings indicate that while there were many positive impacts associated with NSPs' work, challenges need to be addressed. Safety and harassment issues reported by female NSPs are especially urgent. Supervision, certifications, increased salaries and job stability were also recognized as significant opportunities. We recommend future intervention studies to collect data on the impact of intervention delivery on NSPs. Research is also needed on the impact of various supervision and health systems strategies on NSPs.

INTRODUCTION:The COVID-19 pandemic has propelled a global paradigm shift in how psychological support is delivered. Remote delivery, through phone and video calls, is now commonplace around the world. However, most adoption of remote delivery methods is occurring without any formal training to ensure safe and effective care. OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this applied qualitative study was to determine practitioners' experiences of rapidly adapting to deliver psychological support remotely during COVID-19. DESIGN:We used a pragmatic paradigm and applied approach to gain perspectives related to the feasibility and perceived usefulness of synchronous remote psychological support, including views on how practitioners can be prepared. METHODS:Key informant interviews were conducted remotely with 27 specialist and non-specialist practitioners in Nepal, Perú and the USA. Interviewees were identified through purposeful sampling. Data were analysed using framework analysis. RESULTS:Respondents revealed three key themes: (i) Remote delivery of psychological support raises unique safety concerns and interference with care, (ii) Remote delivery enhances skills and expands opportunities for delivery of psychological support to new populations, and (iii) New training approaches are needed to prepare specialist and non-specialist practitioners to deliver psychological support remotely. CONCLUSIONS:Remote psychological support is feasible and useful for practitioners, including non-specialists, in diverse global settings. Simulated remote role plays may be a scalable method for ensuring competency in safe and effective remotely-delivered care.

BACKGROUND:Digital tools assessing momentary parameters and offering interventions in people's daily lives play an increasingly important role in mental health research and treatment. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) makes it possible to assess transient mental health states and their parameters. Ecological momentary interventions (EMIs) offer mental health interventions that fit well into individuals' daily lives and routines. Self-efficacy is a transdiagnostic construct that is commonly associated with positive mental health outcomes. OBJECTIVE:The aim of our study assessing mood, specific self-efficacy, and other parameters using EMA was 2-fold. First, we wanted to determine the effects of daily assessed moods and dissatisfaction with social contacts as well as the effects of baseline variables, such as depression, on specific self-efficacy in the training group (TG). Second, we aimed to explore which variables influenced both groups' positive and negative moods during the 7-day study period. METHODS:In this randomized controlled trial, we applied digital self-efficacy training (EMI) to 93 university students with elevated self-reported stress levels and daily collected different parameters, such as mood, dissatisfaction with social contacts, and specific self-efficacy, using EMA. Participants were randomized to either the TG, where they completed the self-efficacy training combined with EMA, or the control group, where they completed EMA only. RESULTS:In total, 93 university students participated in the trial. Positive momentary mood was associated with higher specific self-efficacy in the evening of the same day (b=0.15, SE 0.05, P=.005). Higher self-efficacy at baseline was associated with reduced negative mood during study participation (b=-0.61, SE 0.30, P=.04), while we could not determine an effect on positive mood. Baseline depression severity was significantly associated with lower specific self-efficacy over the week of the training (b=-0.92, SE 0.35, P=.004). Associations between higher baseline anxiety with higher mean negative mood (state anxiety: b=0.78, SE 0.38, P=.04; trait anxiety: b=0.73, SE 0.33, P=.03) and lower mean positive mood (b=-0.64, SE 0.28, P=.02) during study participation were found. Emotional flexibility was significantly enhanced in the TG. Additionally, dissatisfaction with social contacts was associated with both a decreased positive mood (b=-0.56, SE 0.15, P<.001) and an increased negative mood (b=0.45, SE 0.12, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS:This study showed several significant associations between mood and self-efficacy as well as those between mood and anxiety in students with elevated stress levels, for example, suggesting that improving mood in people with low mood could enhance the effects of digital self-efficacy training. In addition, engaging in 1-week self-efficacy training was associated with increased emotional flexibility. Future work is needed to replicate and investigate the training's effects in other groups and settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION/BACKGROUND:ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05617248; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05617248.