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Prenatal exposure to residential greenness, fetal growth, and birth outcomes: a cohort study in New York City

Heo, Seulkee; Afanasyeva, Yelena; Liu, Mengling; Mehta-Lee, Shilpi; Yang, Wenqing; Trasande, Leonardo; Bell, Michelle L; Ghassabian, Akhgar
Findings for greenspace's impacts on birth outcomes are largely dependent on vegetation indexes. Examinations are needed for various greenspace indicators given varying pathways for fetal development. This prospective cohort study assessed the impacts of prenatal greenspace exposure on preterm birth (PTB), term low birthweight (TLBW), birthweight, and estimated fetal weight (EFW) for pregnant women in the New York City area, 2016-2023 (n=2765). Longitudinal greenspace exposure was measured for residential histories during pregnancy using the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) for 1000m buffers and four park metrics, namely, the total number, sum of area, and the accessibility of parks within residential buffers (500 m) and the distance to the closest park. Multivariable regression models were used to estimate the associations for quartiles of exposure (with the first quartile [Q1] as reference). Greenspace exposure was not associated with TLBW, birthweight, or EFW. Odds ratios of PTB for the Q2, Q3, and Q4 EVI exposure groups compared to the Q1 group were 0.65 (95% CI: 0.43-0.98), 0.51 (0.32-0.80), and 0.56 (0.35-0.90), respectively. PTB risks decreased in higher exposure groups (Q2-Q4) of the total park number. Results indicate the benefits of prenatal greenspace exposure for fetal maturity and neonatal outcomes.
PMID: 39562151
ISSN: 1476-6256
CID: 5758462

Prenatal chemical exposures and the methylome: current evidence and opportunities for environmental epigenetics

Bozack, Anne K; Trasande, Leonardo
Exposure to pollutants and chemicals during critical developmental periods in early life can impact health and disease risk across the life course. Research in environmental epigenetics has provided increasing evidence that prenatal exposures affect epigenetic markers, particularly DNA methylation. In this article, we discuss the role of DNA methylation in early life programming and review evidence linking the intrauterine environment to epigenetic modifications, with a focus on exposure to tobacco smoke, metals, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We also discuss challenges and novel approaches in environmental epigenetic research and explore the potential of epigenetic biomarkers in studies of pediatric populations as indicators of exposure and disease risk. Overall, we aim to highlight how advancements in environmental epigenetics may transform our understanding of early-life exposures and inform new approaches for supporting long-term health.
PMID: 39539208
ISSN: 1750-192x
CID: 5753362

Temporal and Geographic Variability of Bisphenol Levels in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of International Biomonitoring Data

Acevedo, Jonathan M; Kahn, Linda G; Pierce, Kristyn A; Carrasco, Anna; Rosenberg, Marissa Singer; Trasande, Leonardo
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:Bisphenols are endocrine-disrupting chemicals known to contribute to chronic disease across the lifespan. With increased awareness of their health effects, changes in regulation and health behaviors have contributed to reductions in urinary bisphenol A (BPA) levels in the United States, Canada, and Europe. However, global trends in bisphenols outside these regions, especially bisphenol S (BPS) exposure, have been less studied. AIM/OBJECTIVE:We examine trends in urinary BPA and BPS concentration in non-occupationally exposed populations, where representative data at a country level is unavailable. METHODS:index, and funnel plots. RESULTS:, 95% CI: [-0.50, -0.08], respectively). In the sensitivity analyses excluding studies with geometric or arithmetic mean values, each displayed significant shifts from the main findings with some consistent outcomes occurring internationally and/or in specific regions. Heterogeneity was high across studies, suggesting possible bias in our estimations. CONCLUSIONS:Our findings provide evidence for concern about increasing population exposure to BPA and BPS. Further studies estimating attributable disease burden and costs at regional and global levels are warranted to show these chemicals' impact on population health and economies.
PMID: 39522874
ISSN: 1096-0953
CID: 5752462

Making invisible chemicals used in plastic materials visible

Trasande, Leonardo
PMID: 39488018
ISSN: 2352-3964
CID: 5747412

Gestational organophosphate pesticide exposure and childhood cardiovascular outcomes

Stevens, Danielle R; Blaauwendraad, Sophia M; Bommarito, Paige A; van den Dries, Michiel; Trasande, Leonardo; Spaan, Suzanne; Pronk, Anjoeka; Tiemeier, Henning; Gaillard, Romy; Jaddoe, Vincent W V; Ferguson, Kelly K
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:The general population is chronically exposed to organophosphate pesticides through various routes including ingestion, hand-to-mouth contact, inhalation, and dermal contact. Exposure to organophosphate pesticides during pregnancy impairs fetal development, but the potential long-term effects of gestational organophosphate pesticide exposure are less well understood. METHODS:We investigated associations between gestational organophosphate pesticide exposure and cardiovascular outcomes in 643 children in the Generation R Study, a prospective pregnancy cohort based in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Urinary organophosphate pesticide metabolites (dimethyl [∑DMAP], diethyl [∑DEAP], and total dialkyl phosphate [∑DAP] metabolites) were quantified in three urine samples collected from pregnant participants, and their children were followed until age 10 years at which time cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, blood pressure, and serum biomarkers assessed cardiovascular health. Linear regression models estimated associations (β and 95 % confidence interval [CI]) between a one-interquartile range (IQR) increase in averaged gestational exposure biomarker concentrations and z-scored pediatric cardiovascular outcomes. We investigated effect modification of associations by PON1 genotype. RESULTS:Carotid intima-media thickness z-score was lower (β: -0.14 [95 % CI: -0.25, -0.02]) and HDL cholesterol z-score was higher (β: 0.14 [95 % CI: 0.02, 0.25]) for increases in ∑DEAP concentrations. Carotid intima-media distensibility z-score was lower (β: -0.08 [95 % CI: -0.19, 0.03]) for increases in ∑DMAP concentrations, and systolic blood pressure z-score was higher (β: 0.10 [95 % CI: -0.01, 0.21]) for increases in ∑DMAP and ∑DAP. Among those with PON1-161CC and PON1-L55MTT genotypes, higher organophosphate pesticide concentrations conferred an excess risk of adverse vascular and glycemic outcomes, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:We observed heterogenous associations between gestational organophosphate pesticide exposure and pediatric cardiovascular health: an anti-atherogenic profile was observed for increases in ∑DEAP concentrations, and impairments in multiple aspects of cardiovascular health was observed for increases in ∑DMAP concentrations. PON1-161 and PON1-L55M single nucleotide polymorphisms modified associations for vascular and glycemic outcomes, respectively.
PMID: 39447473
ISSN: 1873-6750
CID: 5738942

Gestational exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and risk of childhood obesity in the environmental influences on child health outcomes consortium

Peterson, Alicia K; Alexeeff, Stacey E; Ames, Jennifer L; Feng, Juanran; Yoshida, Cathleen; Avalos, Lyndsay A; Barrett, Emily S; Bastain, Theresa M; Bennett, Deborah H; Buckley, Jessie P; Croen, Lisa A; Dunlop, Anne L; Hedderson, Monique M; Herbstman, Julie B; Kannan, Kurunthachalam; Karagas, Margaret R; McEvoy, Cindy T; O'Connor, Thomas G; Romano, Megan E; Sathyanarayana, Sheela; Schantz, Susan L; Schmidt, Rebecca J; Starling, Anne P; Trasande, Leonardo; Woodruff, Tracey J; Zhao, Qi; Zhu, Yeyi; Ferrara, Assiamira; ,
INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are increasing in use as flame retardants and plasticizers and concerns have been raised given their endocrine-disrupting activities and possible obesogenic consequences. However, longitudinal studies on gestational OPE exposure and childhood obesity are scarce. This study examined whether OPE levels in maternal urine during pregnancy were associated with the risk of childhood obesity. METHODS:OPEs were analyzed in pregnancy urine samples of 5,087 individuals from 14 studies contributing to the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort. BDCPP, DBUP/DIBP, and DPHP, detected in > 80 % of the samples, were modeled continuously and by tertiles; whereas BCPP, BBOEP, and BCETP, detected in 50-80 % of samples, were modeled categorically (not-detected, low, and high). Childhood obesity was defined by BMI z-score ≥ 95th percentile according to WHO (<2 years) and the CDC (≥2 years) metrics. Adjusted modified Poisson regression models assessed childhood obesity risk and the mixture effect was assessed using Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). RESULTS:BMI measurements were available for 3,827 children in infancy (0.5-1.9 years), 3,921 children in early childhood (2.0-4.9 years), and 2,541 children in mid-childhood (5.0-10.0 years). Obesity was present in 16-21 % of children across age groups. In mid-childhood DBUP/DIBP second and third versus first tertiles were associated with increased obesity risk (RR 1.14; 95 % CI: 1.02, 1.28; and RR 1.11; 95 % CI: 0.97, 1.27; respectively); whereas BDCPP second and third versus first tertiles reflected an inverse association with obesity risk (RR 0.85; 95 % CI: 0.80, 0.91 and RR 0.91; 95 % CI: 0.77, 1.07; respectively). No association with obesity risk was observed for DPHP, BCPP, BBOEP, and BCETP. Directions observed were consistent with those seen in BKMR models. CONCLUSIONS:This study identified mixed associations between gestational OPE exposure and childhood obesity. Further investigation across a comprehensive range of OPE exposures is warranted.
PMID: 39437621
ISSN: 1873-6750
CID: 5738892

Sociodemographic and dietary determinants of glyphosate exposure in a NYC-based pregnancy cohort

Mellor, Ellison; Trasande, Leonardo; Albergamo, Vittorio; Kannan, Kurunthachalam; Li, Zhongmin; Ghassabian, Akhgar; Afanasyeva, Yelena; Liu, Mengling; Cowell, Whitney
Previous studies have provided evidence for associations between glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) exposure and adverse birth outcomes. However, few pregnancy cohort studies have investigated dietary and other determinants of glyphosate and AMPA exposure. We aimed to identify dietary and sociodemographic factors that predict glyphosate and AMPA exposure in a contemporary, urban pregnancy cohort in the US. The study included 725 pregnant participants from the New York University Children's Health and Environment Study (NYU CHES) in New York City. Urinary concentrations of glyphosate and AMPA, determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, were analyzed in urine collected from NYU CHES participants across three prenatal time points. The Diet Health Questionnaire II was completed to capture dietary intake during the prenatal period. Descriptive statistics and bivariate linear models were used to assess determinants of urinary glyphosate and AMPA concentrations. Median urinary glyphosate and AMPA levels were 0.36 ng/mL and 0.37 ng/mL, respectively. Lower glyphosate levels were associated with younger age, obesity, public insurance, being single, and lower educational attainment. Nuts, seeds and whole grain intake was associated with increased urinary glyphosate concentrations. Urinary glyphosate concentrations were lower in summer than in winter. The study findings highlight widespread exposure to glyphosate and AMPA in this pregnancy cohort, with nuts/seeds and whole grains identified as possible dietary sources of exposure. High detection rates in the study population necessitate further research on dietary exposure patterns and perinatal outcomes to inform targeted interventions and reduce exposure in vulnerable populations.
PMID: 39374760
ISSN: 1873-6424
CID: 5730122

Do small effects matter more in vulnerable populations? an investigation using Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) cohorts

Peacock, Janet L; Coto, Susana Diaz; Rees, Judy R; Sauzet, Odile; Jensen, Elizabeth T; Fichorova, Raina; Dunlop, Anne L; Paneth, Nigel; Padula, Amy; Woodruff, Tracey; Morello-Frosch, Rachel; Trowbridge, Jessica; Goin, Dana; Maldonado, Luis E; Niu, Zhongzheng; Ghassabian, Akhgar; Transande, Leonardo; Ferrara, Assiamira; Croen, Lisa A; Alexeeff, Stacey; Breton, Carrie; Litonjua, Augusto; O'Connor, Thomas G; Lyall, Kristen; Volk, Heather; Alshawabkeh, Akram; Manjourides, Justin; Camargo, Carlos A; Dabelea, Dana; Hockett, Christine W; Bendixsen, Casper G; Hertz-Picciotto, Irva; Schmidt, Rebecca J; Hipwell, Alison E; Keenan, Kate; Karr, Catherine; LeWinn, Kaja Z; Lester, Barry; Camerota, Marie; Ganiban, Jody; McEvoy, Cynthia; Elliott, Michael R; Sathyanarayana, Sheela; Ji, Nan; Braun, Joseph M; Karagas, Margaret R; ,
BACKGROUND:A major challenge in epidemiology is knowing when an exposure effect is large enough to be clinically important, in particular how to interpret a difference in mean outcome in unexposed/exposed groups. Where it can be calculated, the proportion/percentage beyond a suitable cut-point is useful in defining individuals at high risk to give a more meaningful outcome. In this simulation study we compute differences in outcome means and proportions that arise from hypothetical small effects in vulnerable sub-populations. METHODS:Data from over 28,000 mother/child pairs belonging to the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Program were used to examine the impact of hypothetical environmental exposures on mean birthweight, and low birthweight (LBW) (birthweight < 2500g). We computed mean birthweight in unexposed/exposed groups by sociodemographic categories (maternal education, health insurance, race, ethnicity) using a range of hypothetical exposure effect sizes. We compared the difference in mean birthweight and the percentage LBW, calculated using a distributional approach. RESULTS:When the hypothetical mean exposure effect was fixed (at 50, 125, 167 or 250g), the absolute difference in % LBW (risk difference) was not constant but varied by socioeconomic categories. The risk differences were greater in sub-populations with the highest baseline percentages LBW: ranging from 3.1-5.3 percentage points for exposure effect of 125g. Similar patterns were seen for other mean exposure sizes simulated. CONCLUSIONS:Vulnerable sub-populations with greater baseline percentages at high risk fare worse when exposed to a small insult compared to the general population. This illustrates another facet of health disparity in vulnerable individuals.
PMCID:11438038
PMID: 39342237
ISSN: 1471-2458
CID: 5714152

Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and ASD-Related Symptoms in Early Childhood: Mediation Role of Steroids

Huang, Yun; Jia, Zhenxian; Lu, Xinhe; Wang, Yin; Li, Ruizhen; Zhou, Aifen; Chen, Lei; Wang, Yuyan; Zeng, Huai-Cai; Li, Pei; Ghassabian, Akhgar; Yuan, Ningxue; Kong, Fanjuan; Xu, Shunqing; Liu, Hongxiu
Previous studies regarding the associations between perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have yielded inconsistent results, with the underlying mechanisms remaining unknown. In this study, we quantified 13 PFAS in cord serum samples from 396 neonates and followed the children at age 4 to assess ASD-related symptoms. Our findings revealed associations between certain PFAS and ASD-related symptoms, with a doubling of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) concentrations associated with respective increases of 1.79, 1.62, and 1.45 units in language-related symptoms and PFDA exhibiting an association with higher score of sensory stimuli. Nonlinear associations were observed in the associations of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (Cl-PFAES) and 8:2 Cl-PFAES with ASD-related symptoms. Employing weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, we observed significant mixture effects of multiple PFAS on all domains of ASD-related symptoms, with PFNA emerging as the most substantial contributor. Assuming causality, we found that 39-40% of the estimated effect of long-chain PFAS (PFUnDA and PFDoDA) exposure on sensory stimuli was mediated by androstenedione. This study provides novel epidemiological data about prenatal PFAS mixture exposure and ASD-related symptoms.
PMID: 39226190
ISSN: 1520-5851
CID: 5687832

Association of maternal fish consumption and ω-3 supplement use during pregnancy with child autism-related outcomes: results from a cohort consortium analysis

Lyall, Kristen; Westlake, Matt; Musci, Rashelle J; Gachigi, Kennedy; Barrett, Emily S; Bastain, Theresa M; Bush, Nicole R; Buss, Claudia; Camargo, Carlos A; Croen, Lisa A; Dabelea, Dana; Dunlop, Anne L; Elliott, Amy J; Ferrara, Assiamira; Ghassabian, Akhgar; Gern, James E; Hare, Marion E; Hertz-Picciotto, Irva; Hipwell, Alison E; Hockett, Christine W; Karagas, Margaret R; Lugo-Candelas, Claudia; O'Connor, Thomas G; Schmidt, Rebecca J; Stanford, Joseph B; Straughen, Jennifer K; Shuster, Coral L; Wright, Robert O; Wright, Rosalind J; Zhao, Qi; Oken, Emily; ,; ,; ,; ,; ,; ,
BACKGROUND:Prenatal fish intake is a key source of omega-3 (ω-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids needed for brain development, yet intake is generally low, and studies addressing associations with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and related traits are lacking. OBJECTIVE:This study aimed to examine associations of prenatal fish intake and ω-3 supplement use with both autism diagnosis and broader autism-related traits. METHODS:Participants were drawn from 32 cohorts in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes Cohort Consortium. Children were born between 1999 and 2019 and part of ongoing follow-up with data available for analysis by August 2022. Exposures included self-reported maternal fish intake and ω-3/fish oil supplement use during pregnancy. Outcome measures included parent report of clinician-diagnosed ASD and parent-reported autism-related traits measured by the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS)-second edition (n = 3939 and v3609 for fish intake analyses, respectively; n = 4537 and n = 3925 for supplement intake analyses, respectively). RESULTS:In adjusted regression models, relative to no fish intake, fish intake during pregnancy was associated with reduced odds of autism diagnosis (odds ratio: 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.77, 0.92), and a modest reduction in raw total SRS scores (β: -1.69; 95% CI: -3.3, -0.08). Estimates were similar across categories of fish consumption from "any" or "less than once per week" to "more than twice per week." For ω-3 supplement use, relative to no use, no significant associations with autism diagnosis were identified, whereas a modest relation with SRS score was suggested (β: 1.98; 95% CI: 0.33, 3.64). CONCLUSIONS:These results extend previous work by suggesting that prenatal fish intake, but not ω-3 supplement use, may be associated with lower likelihood of both autism diagnosis and related traits. Given the low-fish intake in the United States general population and the rising autism prevalence, these findings suggest the need for better public health messaging regarding guidelines on fish intake for pregnant individuals.
PMID: 38960320
ISSN: 1938-3207
CID: 5687142