Faculty Bibliography

PURPOSE: To investigate the posterior segment in cases of clinically evident intraocular inflammation for punctate reflections consistent with that expected to arise from inflammatory cells. METHODS: Patients with ocular inflammatory diseases imaged with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: There were 7 patients with mean age of 66.7 years, and the diagnosis was toxoplasmosis in 5 eyes, multiple evanescent white dot syndrome in 1 eye, and posttraumatic outer retinitis in 1 eye. At baseline, the SD-OCT showed vitreous cells as numerous punctate spots in the vitreous in all seven eyes. The SD-OCT also showed similar-sized hyperreflective dots in the retina in all seven eyes. During follow-up, reduced vitreous cellular infiltration was correlated with a decrease in the number of the punctate spots visible by SD-OCT. CONCLUSION: Eyes with intraocular inflammation had SD-OCT images of the vitreous containing punctate spots of a size consistent with that expected from inflammatory cells. Similarly sized punctate spots were seen within the retina in regions of retinitis. Additional characterization of the optical section should permit stereological estimations of actual cell counts per unit volume.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this article was to report a case of Stage 3 Takayasu retinopathy with marked venous staining. METHODS:Case report with funduscopic, fluorescein angiography, computed tomography angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging angiography correlations. RESULTS:A 25-year-old woman presented with Stage 3 Takayasu retinopathy with striking venous staining while maintaining visual acuity of 20/30 because of arterial collateralization to the internal carotid arteries. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Patients with Takayasu arteritis should be evaluated promptly for Takayasu retinopathy even with good vision because stenosis of major vessels off the aorta is associated with worse visual prognosis.

PURPOSE: To report a case of atypical unilateral maculopathy associated with acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy-like yellowish deposits. METHODS: Observational case report of one patient. RESULTS: A 52-year-old man presented with reduced vision in the left eye. Findings resembling acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy were noted with ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography. Funduscopic examination revealed an exudative macular detachment with yellowish subretinal deposits inferior to the fovea. On fluorescein angiography, the perifoveal lesions were minimally hyperfluorescent, with no abnormal fluorescence in the central macula. The subretinal deposits were found to be hyperautofluorescent on fundus autofluorescence imaging. Optical coherence tomography confirmed a serous detachment of the retina with intraretinal cystic spaces. The right eye did not show any abnormalities except for an epiretinal membrane. CONCLUSION: We describe a case of atypical unilateral maculopathy associated with acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy-like yellowish deposits.

PURPOSE: To describe the retinal imaging findings in the index patient with Heimler syndrome (OMIM #234580). DESIGN: Non-interventional case report. METHODS: A 29-year-old woman with Heimler syndrome developed bilateral vision loss. Fluorescein angiography (FA), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and electroretinography (ERG) were performed to assess the retinal anatomy and function. RESULTS: FA showed mottling of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the posterior pole and periphery of the retina. FAF revealed hyper and hypoautofluorescent dots corresponding to the RPE mottling observed on FA. SD-OCT documented loss of the inner/outer segments boundary, and RPE thinning. ERG testing excluded generalized rod-cone dysfunction. CONCLUSION: We report an adult-onset macular dystrophy in one of the previously reported patients with Heimler syndrome and hypothesize that this syndrome is probably an expression of a ciliopathy.

PURPOSE: To investigate the association of the rs2301995 haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphism (htSNP) in the elastin gene (ELN) with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) in European-American patients. METHODS: Association analysis of allele and genotype frequencies, determined by TaqMan assays, was performed for the rs2301995 haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphism (htSNP) in the ELN locus in fifty-six patients with PCV, 368 patients with advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and 368 age- and ethnically-matched unaffected controls. RESULTS: The ELN rs2301995 SNP was not statistically significantly associated with the PCV phenotype (P = 0.9). The frequency of the minor allele of the rs2301995 SNP was practically identical in the PCV, AMD and control groups (6.3% vs. 5.4% vs. 7.1%). CONCLUSION: The PCV phenotype in European-American patients is not associated with rs2301995 SNP in the ELN locus.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate if monthly intravitreal ranibizumab decreases risk of macular hemorrhages in patients with choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration. METHODS: Incidences of macular hemorrhages in the control and ranibizumab groups from three, multicenter, randomized, clinical trials (MARINA, ANCHOR, and PIER) were compared. Two time intervals (Months 0-3 and 5-17) were evaluated to account for transition from monthly to quarterly injections in PIER. Time interval after Month 17 was excluded because of crossover from control to active treatment in all trials. RESULTS: Months 0-3: All trials showed higher incidence rates of hemorrhages in control compared with ranibizumab groups (ANCHOR: photodynamic therapy [27.3%], 0.3 mg [8.0%], 0.5 mg [8.6%]; MARINA: sham [18.6%], 0.3 mg [8.8%], 0.5 mg [8.8%]; and PIER: sham [16.1%], 0.3 mg [3.4%], 0.5 mg [3.3%]). In ANCHOR and MARINA, data of Months 5-17 showed higher incidence rates in control compared with monthly ranibizumab groups (ANCHOR: photodynamic therapy [47.8%], 0.3 mg [12.5%], 0.5 mg [12.3%]; and MARINA: sham [38.0%], 0.3 mg [13.2%], 0.5 mg [13.0%]), but this was not seen for quarterly ranibizumab groups in PIER (sham [22.4%], 0.3 mg [23.7%], 0.5 mg [28.3%]). CONCLUSION: Treatment with monthly intravitreal ranibizumab was associated with reduced risk of new macular hemorrhages when compared with photodynamic therapy (ANCHOR) or sham (MARINA and PIER). There was no difference between PIER quarterly ranibizumab-treated and sham patients.

PURPOSE: To explore whether monthly intravitreal ranibizumab injections are associated with a lower rate of new choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in fellow eyes of patients with unilateral neovascular age-related macular degeneration. DESIGN: Retrospective data analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials. METHODS: Incidence of new CNV in fellow eyes was calculated at 12 and 24 months from 2 clinical trials (the Minimally Classic/Occult Trial of the Anti-VEGF Antibody Ranibizumab in the Treatment of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration [MARINA] study and the Anti-VEGF Antibody for the Treatment of Predominantly Classic Choroidal Neovascularization in Age-Related Macular Degeneration [ANCHOR] study), based on fluorescein angiographic reading center criteria and investigator evaluation. Patients treated with monthly ranibizumab (0.3 and 0.5 mg) were compared with those receiving a sham injection (MARINA) or photodynamic therapy (ANCHOR). RESULTS: In MARINA, new CNV developed in fellow eyes in 20.3% of the 0.3-mg ranibizumab group by 12 months and in 30.4% by 24 months. The conversion rate in the 0.5-mg ranibizumab group was 21.1% and 38.0% by 12 and 24 months, respectively. In the sham group, 26.4% converted by 12 months and 36.3% converted by 24 months. In ANCHOR, fellow eyes in 15.9% of the 0.3-mg ranibizumab group converted by 12 months and fellow eyes in 23.8% converted by 24 months. The conversion rate in the 0.5-mg ranibizumab group was 24.3% and 35.1% by 12 and 24 months, respectively. In the photodynamic therapy group, 25.4% converted by 12 months and 38.8% converted by 24 months. Differences in conversion rates at 12 and 24 months between the 0.3-mg or 0.5-mg ranibizumab groups and respective controls (sham or photodynamic therapy) were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study do not support the hypothesis that monthly ranibizumab injections reduce the rate of CNV development in untreated fellow eyes.