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Reducing risk factors for child maltreatment: The Parenting-STAIR open pilot study

Wortham, Whitney; Sullivan, Kathrine S; Ancharski, Kelly; Okosi, Mercedes; Kaplan, Debra; Timmer, Susan; Cloitre, Marylene; Chemtob, Claude; Lindsey, Michael A
BACKGROUND:Despite a large body of evidence linking the impact of trauma, parenting, and child maltreatment recidivism, current child welfare services often do not target maternal trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Moreover, there is little evidence that traditional family preservation services (FPS) lower the rates of repeat incidences of child abuse and neglect. The novel intervention, Parenting-STAIR (P-STAIR), seeks to address maternal mental health and parenting skills in order to reduce punitive parenting behaviors. OBJECTIVE:This study analyzes the effects of P-STAIR on child maltreatment risk. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING/METHODS:P-STAIR was administered to 112 child welfare-involved mothers in New York City (NYC). The mothers were between 18 and 52 years old (M = 31.1, SD = 6.6) and were referred from 4 child welfare preventive service agencies in NYC. METHODS:To evaluate change over time in indicators of maltreatment risk, two-tailed paired sample t-tests compared 1) pre- and post-treatment scores and 2) pre-treatment and 3-month follow-up scores. RESULTS:Among the 71 mothers who completed treatment, significant improvements from baseline to post-assessment and pre- to 3-month follow-up were observed across total scores on the CTSPC and the AAPI-2. Improvements were evident in nonviolent disciple, psychological aggression, expectations, empathy, and parent-child family roles at both the post-assessment and 3-month follow-up which are proximal outcomes of P-STAIR (CTSPC: pre-post nonviolent disciple d = 0.70; pre-post psychological aggression d = 0.34; pre-follow-up nonviolent disciple d = 0.42; pre-follow-up psychological aggression d = 0.36; AAPI-2; pre-post expectations d = 0.31; pre-post empathy d = 0.39; pre-post parent-child roles d = 0.47; pre-follow-up expectations d = 0.33; pre-follow-up empathy d = 0.42; pre-follow-up parent-child roles d = 0.66). CONCLUSIONS:The improvement in indicators of maltreatment risk demonstrates promising support for the utility of P-STAIR within the child welfare system.
PMID: 39079321
ISSN: 1873-7757
CID: 5696372

Feasibility and Preliminary Impact of a Community-Based Intervention for Maternal PTSD and Parenting: Parenting-STAIR Pilot

Sullivan, Kathrine S.; Ancharski, Kelly; Wortham, Whitney; Okosi, Mercedes; Kaplan, Debra; Urquiza, Anthony; Timmer, Susan; Cloitre, Marylene; Chemtob, Claude; Lindsey, Michael A.
Trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) impact emotional and physical well-being, social functioning, and parent-child relationship quality. The effect of parental trauma on parenting and child maltreatment is often overlooked by current child welfare (CW) services. The novel intervention, Parenting-STAIR, was created to address maternal mental health, parenting skills, and child well-being outcomes. Parenting-STAIR is a combination of Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation (STAIR) Narrative Therapy and Parent-Child Care (PC-CARE). This open pilot study aimed to examine the feasibility and preliminary impact of Parenting-STAIR in reducing maternal PTSD and increasing positive parenting skills for mothers and families involved in the child welfare system. Parenting-STAIR was delivered to 111 mothers receiving family preservation services in New York City. Of these, 70 completed treatment; statistical and clinically significant changes were observed for maternal PTSD and depression as well as in parenting stress, parenting skills, and child behaviors. These findings provide encouraging initial evidence for the feasibility and impact of this novel PTSD intervention. An evaluation of maltreatment recidivism is needed, as well as implementation of a randomized controlled trial to establish efficacy of the intervention.
SCOPUS:85146296767
ISSN: 1062-1024
CID: 5408752

Factor Structure of the Shortened Six-Item Version of the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS-6)

Kenny, Laura; Hyland, Philip; Cloitre, Marylene; Shevlin, Mark
Introduction: Loneliness is linked to negative physical and mental health outcomes. Therefore, it is important to employ reliable and valid screening measures for early detection and treatment. A widely used scale for assessing loneliness is the shortened six-item Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS-6). Aims: To review and evaluate the factor structure of the DJGLS-6. Methods: Study 1 was a systematic review. To examine the factor structure of the DJGLS-6, peer-reviewed studies were reviewed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Study 2 tested the factor analytic models found in Study 1. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed using data from a nationally representative sample of adults to assess the latent structure of the six-item scale. Results: In Study 1, findings from the two papers reviewed suggested that the scale measures two correlated dimensions: social and emotional loneliness. This finding was consistent with the results of Study 2. However, the fit statistics for the one and two-factor CFA models were not acceptable. Modification indices indicated that adding a cross-factor loading to allow item 2 ("I miss having people around") of the social loneliness factor, to load on both the emotional and social factor, to load on both the emotional and social factors would significantly improve the fit of the model. Conclusions: The analysis failed to support previous findings concerning the robustness of the subscales. We recommend performing future evaluations of the scale and for the authors to consider changing item 2 accordingly.
SCOPUS:85179546169
ISSN: 1788-4934
CID: 5622172

Emerging experience with selected new categories in the ICD-11: complex PTSD, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder

Reed, Geoffrey M; First, Michael B; Billieux, Joël; Cloitre, Marylene; Briken, Peer; Achab, Sophia; Brewin, Chris R; King, Daniel L; Kraus, Shane W; Bryant, Richard A
Among the important changes in the ICD-11 is the addition of 21 new mental disorders. New categories are typically proposed to: a) improve the usefulness of morbidity statistics; b) facilitate recognition of a clinically important but poorly classified mental disorder in order to provide appropriate management; and c) stimulate research into more effective treatments. Given the major implications for the field and for World Health Organization (WHO) member states, it is important to examine the impact of these new categories during the early phase of the ICD-11 implementation. This paper focuses on four disorders: complex post-traumatic stress disorder, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder. These categories were selected because they have been the focus of considerable activity and/or controversy and because their inclusion in the ICD-11 represents a different decision than was made for the DSM-5. The lead authors invited experts on each of these disorders to provide insight into why it was considered important to add it to the ICD-11, implications for care of not having that diagnostic category, important controversies about adding the disorder, and a review of the evidence generated and other developments related to the category since the WHO signaled its intention to include it in the ICD-11. Each of the four diagnostic categories appears to describe a population with clinically important and distinctive features that had previously gone unrecognized as well as specific treatment needs that would otherwise likely go unmet. The introduction of these categories in the ICD-11 has been followed by a substantial expansion of research in each area, which has generally supported their validity and utility, and by a significant increase in the availability of appropriate services.
PMCID:9077619
PMID: 35524599
ISSN: 1723-8617
CID: 5387712

Posttraumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD and subtypes of loneliness among older adults

Fox, Robert; Hyland, Philip; Coogan, Andrew N; Cloitre, Marylène; McHugh Power, Joanna
OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:Research examining the relationship between loneliness and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) is scarce, particularly among older adults. CPTSD includes the core symptoms of PTSD along with additional symptoms reflecting "disturbances in self-organisation" (DSO). This study examined the cross-sectional relationships between loneliness (emotional and social loneliness) and CPTSD symptoms (i.e., PTSD and DSO symptoms) in older adults. METHODS:Structural equation modelling was used to examine these relationships in a nationally representative sample of US adults aged 60-70 years (n = 456). RESULTS:Controlling for covariates, emotional loneliness was associated with PTSD (β = 0.31) and DSO (β = 0.57) symptoms whereas social loneliness was only associated with DSO symptoms (β = 0.25). The model explained 35.0% of the variance in PTSD symptoms and 71.3% in DSO symptoms. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:These findings have important implications for treating and understanding PTSD/CPTSD and their correlates among older adults.
PMID: 34287862
ISSN: 1097-4679
CID: 4948232

Trauma-related differences in socio-emotional functioning predict housing and employment outcomes in homeless veterans

Macia, Kathryn S; Blonigen, Daniel M; Shaffer, Paige M; Cloitre, Marylène; Smelson, David A
RATIONALE:Mental health and substance use disorders are strong risk factors for homelessness. Understanding the role of transdiagnostic factors could help inform efforts to reduce homelessness among veterans with a range of disorders. Homeless veterans have high rates of trauma exposure, which can result in the depletion of social and emotional resources that may contribute to housing and employment stability. In this study, we evaluated the role of problems with emotional lability and interpersonal closeness as transdiagnostic socio-emotional factors that might interfere with efforts to achieve housing and employment stability. METHODS:The sample consisted of 346 homeless veterans with co-occurring disorders that were admitted to a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) residential treatment program between 2004 and 2009. Assessments were conducted at treatment entry (baseline) and two follow-up timepoints (6- and 12-months). Variables used in the current analyses included history of interpersonal trauma exposure, emotional lability and interpersonal closeness at baseline and 6-months, and homelessness and employment problems during follow-up. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and counterfactually-defined mediation effects. RESULTS:Veterans exposed to more trauma types experienced more baseline impairment and less improvement during treatment in emotional lability and interpersonal closeness. Problems with interpersonal closeness mediated 73% of the relationship between exposure to multiple traumas and homelessness, and 32%-61% of the relationship between trauma exposure and employment problems. Emotional lability mediated 36% of the relationship between exposure to multiple traumas and employment problems. Decomposition of indirect pathways revealed that indirect effects were primarily transmitted through changes during treatment, and not baseline levels. CONCLUSION:Findings support a cumulative effect of trauma on persistence of socio-emotional deficits across treatment, which increased risk of homelessness and employment problems during follow-up. Greater attention and more targeted efforts should be directed at helping trauma-exposed veterans build socio-emotional resources during treatment.
PMID: 34126293
ISSN: 1873-5347
CID: 4925552

The international trauma questionnaire (ITQ) measures reliable and clinically significant treatment-related change in PTSD and complex PTSD

Cloitre, Marylène; Hyland, Philip; Prins, Annabel; Shevlin, Mark
PMCID:8221157
PMID: 34211640
ISSN: 2000-8066
CID: 4927222

The interpersonal implications of PTSD and complex PTSD: The role of disturbances in self-organization

Bachem, Rahel; Levin, Yafit; Zerach, Gadi; Cloitre, Marylene; Solomon, Zahava
BACKGROUND:In the aftermath of trauma not only the primary traumatized survivors' mental health is affected but often also their significant others. The current study explores the specific associations of ICD-11 symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and disturbances in self organization (DSO) for secondary traumatic stress and dyadic adjustment among both spouses. METHODS:Male Israeli veterans and their wives (N = 216) were assessed 30 years after the war. Primary PTSD/DSO symptoms of the veterans and secondary posttraumatic stress symptoms (secondary PTSS)/DSO of the wives were assessed. Actor Partner Independence Modelling (APIM) evaluated the differential effects of PTSD and DSO for trauma transmission and dyadic adjustment. RESULTS:While veterans' primary PTSD only related to secondary PTSS of the wives, the veterans' DSO predicted the wives' secondary PTSS as well as DSO. Moreover, the APIM revealed that the primary and secondary DSO of both partners were associated with dyadic adjustment while their PTSD symptoms were not. LIMITATIONS/CONCLUSIONS:The cross-sectional data did not allow to identify directional or causal effects and DSO symptoms were not assessed with an ICD-specific instrument as such scales did not exist at the time of data collection. CONCLUSIONS:ICD-11 DSO symptoms seem to drive the transmission of posttraumatic stress among spouses to a more significant extent than PTSD symptoms. As DSO are also strongly implicated in decreased dyadic adjustment, they are valuable targets for couple therapy after one spouse experienced severe trauma, both in order to prevent interpersonal trauma transfer as well as to enhance dyadic adjustment.
PMID: 34000567
ISSN: 1573-2517
CID: 4876732

Trauma, PTSD, and complex PTSD in the Republic of Ireland: prevalence, service use, comorbidity, and risk factors

Hyland, Philip; Vallières, Frédérique; Cloitre, Marylène; Ben-Ezra, Menachem; Karatzias, Thanos; Olff, Miranda; Murphy, Jamie; Shevlin, Mark
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:This study represents the first assessment of the prevalence of trauma exposure, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD), ever conducted in the general population of the Republic of Ireland. Additionally, prevalence of past-year mental health service use, comorbidity with major depression and generalized anxiety, and risk factors associated with PTSD and CPTSD were assessed. METHODS:A nationally representative sample of non-institutionalized Irish adults (N = 1020) completed self-report measures of trauma history, trauma-related psychopathology, mental health service use, and concurrent mental health problems. RESULTS:Lifetime exposure to one or more traumatic events was 82.3%, and 67.8% reported experiencing two or more traumatic events. Males and females significantly differed in their frequency of exposure to eight of 16 traumatic events. The past-month prevalence for PTSD was 5.0% (95% CI 3.7%, 6.3%) and 7.7% (95% CI 6.1%, 9.4%) for CPTSD. Of those who screened positive for PTSD or CPTSD, 48.6% accessed mental health care in the past year. Comorbidity with major depression and generalized anxiety was high, especially among those with CPTSD. Several unique and shared risk factors for PTSD and CPTSD were identified. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Approximately one-in-eight Irish adults met diagnostic requirements for PTSD or CPTSD, and comorbidity with other disorders was high. History of interpersonal trauma and exposure to multiple types of trauma in different developmental periods were associated with CPTSD. Many individuals did not access mental health care revealing a substantial mental health treatment gap.
PMID: 32632598
ISSN: 1433-9285
CID: 4517372

PTSD and complex PTSD in adolescence: discriminating factors in a population-based cross-sectional study

Daniunaite, Ieva; Cloitre, Marylene; Karatzias, Thanos; Shevlin, Mark; Thoresen, Siri; Zelviene, Paulina; Kazlauskas, Evaldas
Background: Chronic and repeated trauma are well-established risk factors for complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) in adult samples. Less is known about how trauma history and other factors contribute to the development of CPTSD in adolescence. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the potential contribution of trauma history and social factors to CPTSD in adolescents. Method: In a cross-sectional community study of 1299 adolescents aged 12-16 years, PTSD (n = 97) and CPTSD (n = 108) was assessed with the Child and Adolescent version of the International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ-CA). Trauma exposure, family functioning, school problems, and social support as potential discriminating factors between the PTSD and CPTSD groups were investigated. Results: Cumulative trauma exposure did not discriminate between PTSD and CPTSD in this sample. CPTSD was associated with family problems (such as financial difficulties and conflicts in the home), school problems (bullying and learning difficulties), and lack of social support. Conclusions: Our study indicates that factors other than cumulative trauma are important for the development of CPTSD in adolescence. Interventions targeting adolescent's social environment both at home and at school may be beneficial.
PMCID:8075084
PMID: 33968323
ISSN: 2000-8066
CID: 4867092