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KATP Channels in the Cardiovascular System

Foster, Monique N; Coetzee, William A
KATP channels are integral to the functions of many cells and tissues. The use of electrophysiological methods has allowed for a detailed characterization of KATP channels in terms of their biophysical properties, nucleotide sensitivities, and modification by pharmacological compounds. However, even though they were first described almost 25 years ago (Noma 1983, Trube and Hescheler 1984), the physiological and pathophysiological roles of these channels, and their regulation by complex biological systems, are only now emerging for many tissues. Even in tissues where their roles have been best defined, there are still many unanswered questions. This review aims to summarize the properties, molecular composition, and pharmacology of KATP channels in various cardiovascular components (atria, specialized conduction system, ventricles, smooth muscle, endothelium, and mitochondria). We will summarize the lessons learned from available genetic mouse models and address the known roles of KATP channels in cardiovascular pathologies and how genetic variation in KATP channel genes contribute to human disease.
PMCID:4698399
PMID: 26660852
ISSN: 1522-1210
CID: 1877802

Cardiovascular KATP channels and advanced aging

Yang, Hua-Qian; Subbotina, Ekaterina; Ramasamy, Ravichandran; Coetzee, William A
With advanced aging, there is a decline in innate cardiovascular function. This decline is not general in nature. Instead, specific changes occur that impact the basic cardiovascular function, which include alterations in biochemical pathways and ion channel function. This review focuses on a particular ion channel that couple the latter two processes, namely the KATP channel, which opening is promoted by alterations in intracellular energy metabolism. We show that the intrinsic properties of the KATP channel changes with advanced aging and argue that the channel can be further modulated by biochemical changes. The importance is widespread, given the ubiquitous nature of the KATP channel in the cardiovascular system where it can regulate processes as diverse as cardiac function, blood flow and protection mechanisms against superimposed stress, such as cardiac ischemia. We highlight questions that remain to be answered before the KATP channel can be considered as a viable target for therapeutic intervention.
PMCID:5061878
PMID: 27733235
ISSN: 2001-0001
CID: 2278442

The cardioprotective role of sirtuins is mediated in part by regulating KATP channel surface expression

Tuncay, Erkan; Gando, Ivan; Huo, Jian-Yi; Yepuri, Gautham; Sampler, Natalie; Turan, Belma; Yang, Hua-Qian; Ramasamy, Ravichandran; Coetzee, William A
Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent deacetylases with beneficial roles in conditions relevant to human health, including metabolic disease, type II diabetes, obesity, cancer, aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiac ischemia. Since ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels have cardioprotective roles, we investigated whether they are regulated by sirtuins. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) was used to increase cytosolic NAD+ levels and to activate sirtuins in cell lines, isolated rat and mouse cardiomyocytes or insulin-secreting INS-1 cells. KATP channels were studied with patch clamping, biochemistry techniques, and antibody uptake experiments. NMN led to an increase in intracellular NAD+ levels and an increase in the KATP channel current, without significant changes in the unitary current amplitude or open probability. An increased surface expression was confirmed using surface biotinylation approaches. The rate of KATP channel internalization was diminished by NMN, which may be a partial explanation for the increased surface expression. We show that NMN acts via sirtuins since the increased KATP channel surface expression was prevented by blockers of SIRT1 and SIRT2 (Ex527 and AGK2) and mimicked by SIRT1 activation (SRT1720). The pathophysiological relevance of this finding was studied using a cardioprotection assay with isolated ventricular myocytes, in which NMN protected against simulated ischemia or hypoxia in a KATP channel-dependent manner. Overall, our data draw a link between intracellular NAD+, sirtuin activation, KATP channel surface expression, and cardiac protection against ischemic damage.
PMCID:10110703
PMID: 36878847
ISSN: 1522-1563
CID: 5462392

CL-705G: a novel chemical Kir6.2-specific KATP channel opener

Gando, Ivan; Becerra Flores, Manuel; Chen, I-Shan; Yang, Hua-Qian; Nakamura, Tomoe Y; Cardozo, Timothy J; Coetzee, William A
PMCID:10319115
PMID: 37408765
ISSN: 1663-9812
CID: 5539292

Rab35 GTPase positively regulates endocytic recycling of cardiac KATP channels

Yang, Bo; Yao, Jia-Lu; Huo, Jian-Yi; Feng, Yu-Long; Coetzee, William A; Xu, Guang-Yin; Yang, Hua-Qian
ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel couples membrane excitability to intracellular energy metabolism. Maintaining KATP channel surface expression is key to normal insulin secretion, blood pressure and cardioprotection. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating KATP channel internalization and endocytic recycling, which directly affect the surface expression of KATP channels, are poorly understood. Here we used the cardiac KATP channel subtype, Kir6.2/SUR2A, and characterized Rab35 GTPase as a key regulator of KATP channel endocytic recycling. Electrophysiological recordings and surface biotinylation assays showed decreased KATP channel surface density with co-expression of a dominant negative Rab35 mutant (Rab35-DN), but not other recycling-related Rab GTPases, including Rab4, Rab11a and Rab11b. Immunofluorescence images revealed strong colocalization of Rab35-DN with recycling Kir6.2. Rab35-DN minimized the recycling rate of KATP channels. Rab35 also regulated KATP channel current amplitude in isolated adult cardiomyocytes by affecting its surface expression but not channel properties, which validated its physiologic relevance and the potential of pharmacologic target for treating the diseases with KATP channel trafficking defects.
PMID: 35754325
ISSN: 1933-6969
CID: 5278182

KATP channel trafficking

Yang, Hua-Qian; Echeverry, Fabio A; ElSheikh, Assmaa; Gando, Ivan; Anez Arredondo, Sophia; Samper, Natalie; Cardozo, Timothy; Delmar, Mario; Shyng, Show-Ling; Coetzee, William A
Sarcolemmal/plasmalemmal ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels have key roles in many cell types and tissues. Hundreds of studies have described how the KATP channel activity and ATP sensitivity can be regulated by changes in the cellular metabolic state, by receptor signaling pathways and by pharmacological interventions. These alterations in channel activity directly translate to alterations in cell or tissue function, that can range from modulating secretory responses, such as insulin release from pancreatic β-cells or neurotransmitters from neurons, to modulating contractile behavior of smooth muscle or cardiac cells to elicit alterations in blood flow or cardiac contractility. It is increasingly becoming apparent, however, that KATP channels are regulated beyond changes in their activity. Recent studies have highlighted that KATP channel surface expression is a tightly regulated process with similar implications in health and disease. The surface expression of KATP channels is finely balanced by several trafficking steps including synthesis, assembly, anterograde trafficking, membrane anchoring, endocytosis, endocytic recycling and degradation. This review aims to summarize the physiological and pathophysiological implications of KATP channel trafficking and mechanisms that regulate KATP channel trafficking. A better understanding of this topic has potential to identify new approaches to develop therapeutically useful drugs to treat KATP channel-related diseases.
PMID: 35508187
ISSN: 1522-1563
CID: 5216232

The volume-regulated anion channel LRRC8C suppresses T cell function by regulating cyclic dinucleotide transport and STING-p53 signaling

Concepcion, Axel R; Wagner, Larry E 2nd; Zhu, Jingjie; Tao, Anthony Y; Yang, Jun; Khodadadi-Jamayran, Alireza; Wang, Yin-Hu; Liu, Menghan; Rose, Rebecca E; Jones, Drew R; Coetzee, William A; Yule, David I; Feske, Stefan
PMID: 35105987
ISSN: 1529-2908
CID: 5147322

Targeting Piezo1 unleashes innate immunity against cancer and infectious disease

Aykut, Berk; Chen, Ruonan; Kim, Jacqueline I; Wu, Dongling; Shadaloey, Sorin A A; Abengozar, Raquel; Preiss, Pamela; Saxena, Anjana; Pushalkar, Smruti; Leinwand, Joshua; Diskin, Brian; Wang, Wei; Werba, Gregor; Berman, Matthew; Lee, Steve Ki Buom; Khodadadi-Jamayran, Alireza; Saxena, Deepak; Coetzee, William A; Miller, George
Piezo1 is a mechanosensitive ion channel that has gained recognition for its role in regulating diverse physiological processes. However, the influence of Piezo1 in inflammatory disease, including infection and tumor immunity, is not well studied. We postulated that Piezo1 links physical forces to immune regulation in myeloid cells. We found signal transduction via Piezo1 in myeloid cells and established this channel as the primary sensor of mechanical stress in these cells. Global inhibition of Piezo1 with a peptide inhibitor was protective against both cancer and septic shock and resulted in a diminution in suppressive myeloid cells. Moreover, deletion of Piezo1 in myeloid cells protected against cancer and increased survival in polymicrobial sepsis. Mechanistically, we show that mechanical stimulation promotes Piezo1-dependent myeloid cell expansion by suppressing the retinoblastoma gene Rb1 We further show that Piezo1-mediated silencing of Rb1 is regulated via up-regulation of histone deacetylase 2. Collectively, our work uncovers Piezo1 as a targetable immune checkpoint that drives immunosuppressive myelopoiesis in cancer and infectious disease.
PMID: 32826342
ISSN: 2470-9468
CID: 4567692

Palmitoylation of the KATP channel Kir6.2 subunit promotes channel opening by regulating PIP2 sensitivity

Yang, Hua-Qian; Martinez-Ortiz, Wilnelly; Hwang, JongIn; Fan, Xuexin; Cardozo, Timothy J; Coetzee, William A
A physiological role for long-chain acyl-CoA esters to activate ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels is well established. Circulating palmitate is transported into cells and converted to palmitoyl-CoA, which is a substrate for palmitoylation. We found that palmitoyl-CoA, but not palmitic acid, activated the channel when applied acutely. We have altered the palmitoylation state by preincubating cells with micromolar concentrations of palmitic acid or by inhibiting protein thioesterases. With acyl-biotin exchange assays we found that Kir6.2, but not sulfonylurea receptor (SUR)1 or SUR2, was palmitoylated. These interventions increased the KATP channel mean patch current, increased the open time, and decreased the apparent sensitivity to ATP without affecting surface expression. Similar data were obtained in transfected cells, rat insulin-secreting INS-1 cells, and isolated cardiac myocytes. Kir6.2ΔC36, expressed without SUR, was also positively regulated by palmitoylation. Mutagenesis of Kir6.2 Cys166 prevented these effects. Clinical variants in KCNJ11 that affect Cys166 had a similar gain-of-function phenotype, but was more pronounced. Molecular modeling studies suggested that palmitoyl-C166 and selected large hydrophobic mutations make direct hydrophobic contact with Kir6.2-bound PIP2 Patch-clamp studies confirmed that palmitoylation of Kir6.2 at Cys166 enhanced the PIP2 sensitivity of the channel. Physiological relevance is suggested since palmitoylation blunted the regulation of KATP channels by α1-adrenoreceptor stimulation. The Cys166 residue is conserved in some other Kir family members (Kir6.1 and Kir3, but not Kir2), which are also subject to regulated palmitoylation, suggesting a general mechanism to control the open state of certain Kir channels.
PMID: 32332165
ISSN: 1091-6490
CID: 4402522

A distinct molecular mechanism by which phenytoin rescues a novel long QT 3 variant

Gando, Ivan; Campana, Chiara; Tan, Reina Bianca; Cecchin, Frank; Sobie, Eric A; Coetzee, William A
BACKGROUND:channel blockers can vary. We previously reported a case of an infant with malignant LQT3 and a missense Q1475P SCN5A variant, who was effectively treated with phenytoin, but only partially with mexiletine. Here, we functionally characterized this variant and investigated possible mechanisms for the differential drug actions. METHODS:1.5 cDNAs were examined in transfected HEK293 cells with patch clamping and biochemical assays. We used computational modeling to provide insights into altered channel kinetics and to predict effects on the action potential. RESULTS:1.5-Q1475P trafficking defect, thus increasing mutant channel expression. CONCLUSIONS:1.5-Q1475P predominate to cause a malignant long QT phenotype. Phenytoin partially corrects the gating defect without restoring surface expression of the mutant channel, whereas mexiletine restores surface expression of the mutant channel, which may explain the lack of efficacy of mexiletine when compared to phenytoin. Our data makes a case for experimental studies before embarking on a one-for-all therapy of arrhythmias.
PMID: 32339567
ISSN: 1095-8584
CID: 4411942