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175

International journal of environmental research & public health. 2020:17(6).DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17061837

Use of Tracer Elements for Estimating Community Exposure to Marcellus Shale Development Operations

Nye, Maya; Knuckles, Travis; Yan, Beizhan; Ross, James; Orem, William; Varonka, Matthew; Thurston, George; Dzomba, Alexandria; McCawley, Michael
Since 2009, unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) has significantly increased in Appalachia's Marcellus Shale formation. Elevations of fine particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5), have been documented in areas surrounding drilling operations during well stimulation. Furthermore, many communities are experiencing increased industrial activities and probable UNGD air pollutant exposures. Recent studies have associated UNGD emissions with health effects based on distances from well pads. In this study, PM2.5 filter samples were collected on an active gas well pad in Morgantown, West Virginia, and three locations downwind during hydraulic stimulation. Fine particulate samples were analyzed for major and trace elements. An experimental source identification model was developed to determine which elements appeared to be traceable downwind of the UNGD site and whether these elements corresponded to PM2.5 measurements. Results suggest that 1) magnesium may be useful for detecting the reach of UNGD point source emissions, 2) complex surface topographic and meteorological conditions in the Marcellus Shale region could be modeled and confounding sources discounted, and 3) well pad emissions may be measurable at distances of at least 7 km. If shown to be more widely applicable, future tracer studies could enhance epidemiological studies showing health effects of UNGD-associated emissions at ≥15 km.
PMID: 32178331
ISSN: 1660-4601
CID: 4353482
International journal of epidemiology. 2020:49(1):25-35.DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz114

PM2.5 air pollution and cause-specific cardiovascular disease mortality

Hayes, Richard B; Lim, Chris; Zhang, Yilong; Cromar, Kevin; Shao, Yongzhao; Reynolds, Harmony R; Silverman, Debra T; Jones, Rena R; Park, Yikyung; Jerrett, Michael; Ahn, Jiyoung; Thurston, George D
BACKGROUND:Ambient air pollution is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, yet uncertainty remains about the size of risks at lower levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure which now occur in the USA and elsewhere. METHODS:We investigated the relationship of ambient PM2.5 exposure with cause-specific cardiovascular disease mortality in 565 477 men and women, aged 50 to 71 years, from the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. During 7.5 x 106 person-years of follow up, 41 286 cardiovascular disease deaths, including 23 328 ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and 5894 stroke deaths, were ascertained using the National Death Index. PM2.5 was estimated using a hybrid land use regression (LUR) geostatistical model. Multivariate Cox regression models were used to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS:Each increase of 10  μg/m3 PM2.5 (overall range, 2.9-28.0  μg/m3) was associated, in fully adjusted models, with a 16% increase in mortality from ischaemic heart disease [hazard ratio (HR) 1.16; 95% CI 1.09-1.22] and a 14% increase in mortality from stroke (HR 1.14; CI 1.02-1.27). Compared with PM2.5 exposure <8  μg/m3 (referent), risks for CVD were increased in relation to PM2.5 exposures in the range of 8-12  μg/m3 (CVD: HR 1.04; 95% CI 1.00-1.08), in the range 12-20  μg/m3 (CVD: HR 1.08; 95% CI 1.03-1.13) and in the range 20+ μg/m3 (CVD: HR 1.19; 95% CI 1.10-1.28). Results were robust to alternative approaches to PM2.5 exposure assessment and statistical analysis. CONCLUSIONS:Long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution is associated with ischaemic heart disease and stroke mortality, with excess risks occurring in the range of and below the present US long-term standard for ambient exposure to PM2.5 (12  µg/m3), indicating the need for continued improvements in air pollution abatement for CVD prevention.
PMID: 31289812
ISSN: 1464-3685
CID: 3976552
Lancet. 2020:396(10258):1135-1159.DOI:

Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 [Editorial]

Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbas, Kaja M.; Abbasi, Mohammad; Abbasifard, Mitra; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abbastabar, Hedayat; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahi, Mohammad; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abedi, Aidin; Abedi, Parisa; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abolhassani, Hassan; Abosetugn, Akine Eshete; Aboyans, Victor; Abrams, Elissa M.; Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes; Abrigo, Michael R. M.; Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid; Abualhasan, Ahmed; Abu-Gharbieh, Eman; Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal; Abushouk, Abdelrahman I.; Acebedo, Alyssa; Ackerman, Ilana N.; Adabi, Maryam; Adair, Tim; Adamu, Abdu A.; Adebayo, Oladimeji M.; Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adelson, Jaimie D.; Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Adham, Davoud; Advani, Shailesh M.; Afarideh, Mohsen; Afshari, Mahdi; Afshin, Ashkan; Agardh, Emilie E.; Agarwal, Gina; Agasthi, Pradyumna; Agesa, Kareha M.; Aghaali, Mohammad; Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem; Agrawal, Anurag; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmadi, Alireza; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Ahmadpour, Ehsan; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Aji, Budi; Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Akombi, Blessing; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alam, Noore; Alam, Samiah; Alam, Tahiya; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi, Turki M.; Albertson, Samuel B.; Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth; Alema, Niguse Meles; Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun; Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta; Alhabib, Khalid F.; Alhassan, Robert Kaba; Ali, Muhammad; Ali, Saqib; Alicandro, Gianfranco; Alijanzadeh, Mehran; Alinia, Cyrus; Alipour, Vahid; Alizade, Hesam; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alla, Francois; Allebeck, Peter; Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad; Almasi, Ali; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Almasri, Nihad A.; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.; Almulhim, Abdulaziz M.; Alonso, Jordi; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.; Altirkawi, Khalid A.; Alumran, Arwa Khalid; Alvis-Guzman, Nelson; Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.; Amare, Azmeraw T.; Amare, Bekalu; Amini, Saeed; Amini-Rarani, Mostafa; Aminorroaya, Arya; Amiri, Fatemeh; Amit, Arianna Maever L.; Amugsi, Dickson A.; Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera; Anbesu, Etsay Woldu; Ancuceanu, Robert; Anderlini, Deanna; Anderson, Jason A.; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Andrei, Tudorel; Androudi, Sofia; Angus, Colin; Anjomshoa, Mina; Ansari, Fereshteh; Ansari, Iman; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antony, Catherine M.; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Anvari, Davood; Anwer, Razique; Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Arba, Aseb Arba Kinfe; Aremu, Olatunde; Ariani, Filippo; Aripov, Timur; Armoon, Bahram; Arnlov, Johan; Arowosegbe, Oluwaseyi Olalekan; Aryal, Krishna K.; Arzani, Afsaneh; Asaad, Malke; Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran; Asadi-Pooya, Ali A.; Asgari, Samaneh; Asghari, Babak; Jafarabadi, Mohammad Asghari; Ashbaugh, Charlie; Assmus, Michael; Atafar, Zahra; Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin; Atnafu, Desta Debalkie; Atout, Maha Moh\d Wahbi; Atre, Sachin R.; Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan; Ausloos, Floriane; Ausloos, Marcel; Avila-Burgos, Leticia; Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel Gbenato Arthur; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Aynalem, Getie Lake; Aynalem, Yared Asmare; Ayza, Muluken Altaye; Azari, Samad; Azarian, Ghasem; Azene, Zelalem Nigussie; Azhar, Gulrez; Azzopardi, Peter S.; Darshan, B. B.; Babaee, Ebrahim; Badawi, Alaa; Badiye, Ashish D.; Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba; Bagli, Eleni; Bahrami, Mohammad Amin; Baig, Atif Amin; Bairwa, Mohan; Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein; Bakhtiari, Ahad; Bakkannavar, Shankar M.; Balachandran, Arun; Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar; Balalla, Shivanthi; Balassyano, Shelly; Baldasseroni, Alberto; Ball, Kylie; Ballew, Shoshana H.; Balzi, Daniela; Banach, Maciej; Banerjee, Srikanta K.; Banik, Palash Chandra; Bannick, Marlena S.; Bante, Agegnehu Bante; Bante, Simachew Animen; Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher; Barboza, Miguel A.; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Barnighausen, Till Winfried; Barrero, Lope H.; Barthelemy, Celine M.; Barua, Lingkan; Barzegar, Akbar; Basaleem, Huda; Bassat, Quique; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T.; Bayati, Mohsen; Baye, Bayisa Abdissa; Bazmandegan, Gholamreza; Becker, Jacob S.; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Behzadifar, Masoud; Bejot, Yannick; Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye; Bell, Michelle L.; Bello, Aminu K.; Bender, Rose G.; Bennett, Derrick A.; Bennitt, Fiona B.; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Benziger, Catherine P.; Berhe, Kidanemaryam; Berman, Adam E.; Bernabe, Eduardo; Bernstein, Robert S.; Bertolacci, Gregory J.; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhageerathy, Reshmi; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhandari, Dinesh; Bhardwaj, Pankaj; Bhat, Anusha Ganapati; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhattarai, Suraj; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bibi, Sadia; Biehl, Molly H.; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Bilano, Ver; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat; Biondi, Antonio; Birihane, Binyam Minuye; Bisanzio, Donal; Bisignano, Catherine; Biswas, Raaj Kishore; Bitew, Helen; Bjorge, Tone; Bockarie, Moses John; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Bohluli, Mehdi; Bojia, Hunduma Amensisa; Bolla, Srinivasa Rao; Boloor, Archith; Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S.; Borges, Guilherme; Borzi, Antonio Maria; Borzouei, Shiva; Bose, Dipan; Bosetti, Cristina; Boufous, Soufiane; Bourne, Rupert; Brady, Oliver J.; Braithwaite, Dejana; Brauer, Michael; Brayne, Carol; Breitborde, Nicholas J. K.; Breitner, Susanne; Brenner, Hermann; Breusov, Alexey V.; Briant, Paul Svitil; Briggs, Andrew M.; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Britton, Gabrielle B.; Brugha, Traolach; Bryazka, Dana; Buchbinder, Rachelle; Bumgarner, Blair R.; Burkart, Katrin; Burnett, Richard Thomas; Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina; Busse, Reinhard; Butt, Zahid A.; Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano; Cahill, Leah E.; Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero; Cai, Tianji; Callender, Charlton S. K. H.; Camera, Luis Alberto; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.; Rincon, Julio Cesar Campuzano; Cao, Jackie; Car, Josip; Cardenas, Rosario; Carreras, Giulia; Carrero, Juan J.; Carvalho, Felix; Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio; Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Castelpietra, Giulio; Castle, Chris D.; Castro, Emma; Castro, Franz; Catala-Lopez, Ferran; Causey, Kate; Cederroth, Christopher R.; Cercy, Kelly M.; Cerin, Ester; Chalek, Julian; Chandan, Joht Singh; Chang, Alex R.; Chang, Angela Y.; Chang, Jung-Chen; Chang, Kai-Lan; Charan, Jaykaran; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi, Sarika; Cherbuin, Nicolas; Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel; Chin, Ken Lee; Chirinos-Caceres, Jesus Lorenzo; Cho, Daniel Youngwhan; Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine; Christensen, Hanne; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chung, Michael T.; Chung, Sheng-Chia; Cicuttini, Flavia M.; Ciobanu, Liliana G.; Cirillo, Massimo; Cislaghi, Beniamino; Classen, Thomas Khaled Dwayne; Cohen, Aaron J.; Collins, Emma L.; Comfort, Haley; Compton, Kelly; Conti, Sara; Cooper, Owen R.; Corso, Barbara; Cortesi, Paolo Angelo; Costa, Vera Marisa; Cousin, Ewerton; Cowden, Richard G.; Cowie, Benjamin C.; Cromwell, Elizabeth A.; Croneberger, Andrew J.; Cross, Di H.; Cross, Marita; Crowe, Christopher Stephen; Cruz, Jessica A.; Cummins, Steven; Cunningham, Matthew; Dahlawi, Saad M. A.; Dai, Haijiang; Dai, Hancheng; Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura; Damiani, Giovanni; D\Amico, Emanuele; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz; Dangel, William James; Danielsson, Anna-Karin; Gela, Jiregna Darega; Dargan, Paul I.; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Daryani, Ahmad; Das, Jai K.; Das Gupta, Rajat; Das Neves, Jose; Dash, Aditya Prasad; Davey, Gail; Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davis, Adrian C.; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; Davletov, Kairat; De Leo, Diego; De Neve, Jan-Walter; Dean, Frances E.; DeCleene, Nicole K.; Deen, Amanda; Degenhardt, Louisa; DeLang, Marissa; Dellavalle, Robert Paul; Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam; Demsie, Desalegn Getnet; Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar; Dereje, Nebiyu Dereje; Deribe, Kebede; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Desai, Rupak; Desalew, Assefa; Dessie, Getenet Ayalew; Deuba, Keshab; Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda; Dhungana, Govinda Prasad; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; da Silva, Diana Dias; Diaz, Daniel; Forooshani, Zahra Sadat Dibaji; Dichgans, Martin; Didarloo, Alireza; Dingels, Zachary V.; Dippenaar, Ilse N.; Dirac, M. Ashworth; Djalalinia, Shirin; Do, Hoa Thi; Dokova, Klara; Doku, David Teye; Dolecek, Christiane; Dolgert, Andrew J.; Dorostkar, Fariba; Doshi, Chirag P.; Doshi, Pratik P.; Doshmangir, Leila; Douiri, Abdel; Doxey, Matthew C.; Doyle, Kerrie E.; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Dubljanin, Eleonora; Dunachie, Susanna J.; Duncan, Bruce B.; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Eagan, Arielle Wilder; Ebrahimi, Hedyeh; Kalan, Mohammad Ebrahimi; Edvardsson, David; Effiong, Andem; Ehrlich, Joshua R.; El Nahas, Nevine; El Sayed, Iman; Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed; El Tantawi, Maha; Elbarazi, Iffat; Elgendy, Islam Y.; Elhabashy, Hala Rashad; El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I.; Elsharkawy, Aisha; Elyazar, Iqbal R. F.; Emamian, Mohammad Hassan; Emmons-Bell, Sophia; Erskine, Holly E.; Eshrati, Babak; Eskandari, Khalil; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esmaeilnejad, Saman; Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz; Esteghamati, Alireza; Esteghamati, Sadaf; Estep, Kara; Etemadi, Arash; Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas; Ezekannagha, Oluchi; Fanzo, Jessica; Farag, Tamer; Farahmand, Mohammad; Faraj, Anwar; Faraon, Emerito Jose A.; Fareed, Mohammad; Faridnia, Roghiyeh; Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa; Farioli, Andrea; Faris, Pawan Sirwan; Faro, Andre; Faruque, Mithila; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fattahi, Nazir; Fazaeli, Ali Akbar; Fazlzadeh, Mehdi; Feigin, Valery L.; Feldman, Rachel; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Ferrara, Giannina; Ferrara, Pietro; Ferrari, Alize J.; Ferreira, Manuela L.; Feyissa, Garumma Tolu; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fisher, James L.; Fitzgerald, Ryan; Flohr, Carsten; Flor, Luisa Sorio; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich; Force, Lisa M.; Fornari, Carla; Foroutan, Masoud; Fox, Jack T.; Francis, Joel Msafiri; Frank, Tahvi D.; Franklin, Richard Charles; Freitas, Marisa; Fu, Weijia; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Fukutaki, Kai; Fuller, John E.; Fullman, Nancy; Furtado, Joao M.; Gad, Mohamed M.; Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Galles, Natalie C.; Gallus, Silvano; Gamkrelidze, Amiran; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L.; Gardner, William M.; Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle; Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen; Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork; Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn; Gebremeskel, Leake G.; Gebresillassie, Begashaw Melaku; Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew; Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea; Geremew, Abraham; Hayoon, Anna Gershberg; Gesesew, Hailay Abrha; Gething, Peter W.; Gezae, Kebede Embaye; Ghadimi, Maryam; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghajar, Alireza; Ghamari, Farhad; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Ghiasvand, Hesam; Ghith, Nermin; Gholamian, Asadollah; Ghosh, Rakesh; Giampaoli, Simona; Gilani, Syed Amir; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Gill, Tiffany K.; Gillum, Richard F.; Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageed; Ginindza, Themba G.; Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan; Giussani, Giorgia; Glagn, Mustefa; Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna; Gnedovskaya, Elena V.; Godinho, Myron Anthony; Goharinezhad, Salime; Golechha, Mahaveer; Goli, Srinivas; Gomez, Ricardo Santiago; Gona, Philimon N.; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Goren, Emily; Gorini, Giuseppe; Gorman, Taren M.; Gottlich, Harrison Chase; Goudarzi, Houman; Goudarzian, Amir Hossein; Goulart, Alessandra C.; Goulart, Barbara Niegia Garcia; Grada, Ayman; Greaves, Felix; Grivna, Michal; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Gudi, Nachiket; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guimaraes, Andre Luiz Sena; Guimaraes, Rafael Alves; Guled, Rashid Abdi; Gultie, Teklemariam; Guo, Gaorui; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rahul; Gupta, Rajeev; Sharan, Subodh; Gupta, Tarun; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hachinski, Vladimir; Haddock, Beatrix; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Hafiz, Abdul; Hagins, Hailey; Haile, Lydia M.; Haile, Teklehaimanot Gereziher; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Hall, Brian J.; Halvaei, Iman; Hamadeh, Randah R.; Abdullah, Kanaan Hamagharib; Hameed, Sajid; Hamidi, Samer; Hamilton, Erin B.; Hammer, Melanie S.; Han, Chieh; Han, Hannah; Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes; Hanif, Asif; Hankey, Graeme J.; Haririan, Hamidreza; Haro, Josep Maria; Harvey, James D.; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hasan, Md Mehedi; Hasanpoor, Edris; Hasanzadeh, Amir; Hashemian, Maryam; Hashi, Abdiwahab; Hassan, Amr; Hassan, Shoaib; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassankhani, Hadi; Havmoeller, Rasmus J.; Hay, Roderick J.; Hay, Simon I.; Hayat, Khezar; Heibati, Behzad; Heidari, Behnam; Heidari, Golnaz; Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza; Hendrie, Delia; Henny, Kiana; Henok, Andualem; Henrikson, Hannah J.; Henry, Nathaniel J.; Herbert, Molly E.; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; Hird, Thomas R.; Ho, Hung Chak; Hoek, Hans W.; Hole, Michael K.; Holla, Ramesh; Hollingsworth, Bruce; Hoogar, Praveen; Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury; Horita, Nobuyuki; Hosgood, H. Dean; Hossain, Naznin; Hosseini, Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Househ, Mowafa; Hoy, Damian G.; Hsairi, Mohamed; Hsiao, Thomas; Hsieh, Vivian Chia-Rong; Hu, Guoqing; Hu, Kejia; Huda, Tanvir M.; Hugo, Fernando N.; Humayun, Ayesha; Hussain, Rabia; Huynh, Chantal K.; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Iannucci, Vincent C.; Iavicoli, Ivo; Ibeneme, Charles Ugochukwu; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ikeda, Nayu; Ikuta, Kevin S.; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja; Ippolito, Helen; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter; Islam, M. Mofizul; Islam, MdMohaimenul; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Islami, Farhad; Iso, Hiroyasu; Ivers, Rebecca Q.; Iwu, Chidozie C. D.; Iwu, Chinwe Juliana; Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi; Jaafari, Jalil; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad; Jafari, Hussain; Jafarinia, Morteza; Jahagirdar, Deepa; Jahani, Mohammad Ali; Jahanmehr, Nader; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jalali, Amir; Jalilian, Farzad; James, Spencer L.; Janjani, Hosna; Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar; Javaheri, Tahereh; Javidnia, Javad; Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jenabi, Ensiyeh; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S.; Jia, Peng; Johansson, Lars; John, Oommen; John-Akinola, Yetunde O.; Johnson, Catherine Owens; Johnson, Sarah Charlotte; Jonas, Jost B.; Joo, Tamas; Joshi, Ankur; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jurisson, Mikk; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Kalani, Hamed; Kalani, Rizwan; Kalankesh, Leila R.; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kamath, Aruna M.; Kamiab, Zahra; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kapoor, Neeti; Matin, Behzad Karami; Karanikolos, Marina; Karch, Andre; Karim, Mohd Anisul; Karimi, Salah Eddin; Karimi, Seyed Asaad; Karimi, Seyed M.; Kasa, Ayele Semachew; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kawakami, Norito; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Keddie, Suzanne H.; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Keller, Cathleen; Kemmer, Laura; Kendrick, Parkes J.; Kereselidze, Maia; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif; Khalid, Nauman; Khammarnia, Mohammad; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Gulfaraz; Khan, Maseer; Khang, Young-Ho; Khatab, Khaled; Khater, Amir M.; Khater, Mona M.; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Khazaei, Salman; Khazaie, Habibolah; Khodayari, Mohammad Taghi; Khoja, Abdullah T.; Khubchandani, Jagdish; Khundkar, Roba; Kianipour, Neda; Kieling, Christian; Kim, Cho-Il; Kim, Daniel; Kim, Young-Eun; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kinfu, Yohannes; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna; Kissoon, Niranjan; Kivimaki, Mika; Kneib, Cameron J.; Knibbs, Luke D.; Knight, Megan; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kocarnik, Jonathan M.; Kochhar, Sonali; Koh, David S. Q.; Kohler, Stefan; Kolola, Tufa; Komaki, Hamidreza; Kopec, Jacek A.; Korotkova, Anna V.; Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich; Kosen, Soewarta; Kotlo, Anirudh; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Koyanagi, Ai; Kraemer, Moritz U. G.; Kravchenko, Michael A.; Krishan, Kewal; Krohn, Kris J.; Kromhout, Hans; Shaji, K. S.; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Bicer, Burcu Kucuk; Kugbey, Nuworza; Kulkarni, Vaman; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Manasi; Kumar, Nithin; Kumar, Pushpendra; Kumar, Vivek; Kumaresh, Girikumar; Kurmi, Om P.; Kusuma, Dian; Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe; La Vecchia, Carlo; Ben Lacey; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lallukka, Tea; Lam, Jennifer O.; Lami, Faris Hasan; Lan, Qing; Landires, Ivan; Lang, Justin J.; Langan, Sinead M.; Lansingh, Van Charles; Lansky, Sonia; Larson, Heidi Jane; Larson, Samantha Leigh; Larsson, Anders O.; Lasrado, Savita; Lassi, Zohra S.; Lau, Kathryn Mei-Ming; Lauriola, Paolo; Lavados, Pablo M.; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Leal, Lisiane F.; Leasher, Janet L.; Ledesma, Jorge R.; Lee, Paul H.; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; Leever, Andrew T.; LeGrand, Kate E.; Leigh, James; Leonardi, Matilde; Lescinsky, Haley; Leung, Janni; Levi, Miriam; Lewington, Sarah; Li, Bingyu; Li, Shanshan; Lim, Lee-Ling; Lin, Christine; Lin, Ro-Ting; Linehan, Christine; Linn, Shai; Listl, Stefan; Liu, Hung-Chun; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Simin; Liu, Xuefeng; Liu, Yang; Liu, Zichen; Lo, Justin; Lodha, Rakesh; Logroscino, Giancarlo; Looker, Katharine J.; Lopez, Alan D.; Lopez, Jaifred Christian F.; Lopukhov, Platon D.; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lozano, Rafael; Lu, Alton; Lucas, Tim C. D.; Lugo, Alessandra; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lyons, Ronan A.; Ma, Jianing; Machado, Daiane Borges; MacLachlan, Jennifer H.; Madadin, Mohammed; Maddison, Emilie R.; Maddison, Ralph; Madotto, Fabiana; Abd El Razek, Hassan Magdy; Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy; Mahasha, Phetole Walter; Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi; Mahmoudi, Morteza; Mai, Hue Thi; Majeed, Azeem; Malagon-Rojas, Jeadran N.; Maled, Venkatesh; Maleki, Afshin; Maleki, Shokofeh; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A.; Manafi, Amir; Manafi, Navid; Manda, Ana Laura; Manguerra, Helena; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Mansouri, Borhan; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Herrera, Ana M. Mantilla; Mapoma, Chabila Christopher; Maravilla, Joemer C.; Marks, Ashley; Martin, Randall V.; Martini, Santi; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Martopullo, Ira; Masaka, Anthony; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra; Massano, Joao; Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard; Mastrogiacomo, Claudia I.; Mathur, Manu Raj; Matsushita, Kunihiro; Maulik, Pallab K.; May, Erin A.; Mazidi, Mohsen; McAlinden, Colm; McGrath, John J.; Mckee, Martin; Medina-Solis, Carlo Eduardo; Meharie, Birhanu Geta; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Nasab, Entezar Mehrabi; Mehri, Fereshteh; Mehrotra, Ravi; Mehta, Kala M.; Meitei, Wahengbam Bigyananda; Mekonnen, Teferi; Melese, Addisu; Memiah, Peter T. N.; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku; Mengesha, Meresa Berwo; Mensah, George A.; Mereke, Alibek; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu; Miller, Ted R.; Mills, Edward J.; Milne, George J.; Mini, G. K.; Miri, Mohammad; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Maryam; Mirzaei, Roya; Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Mitchell, Philip B.; Mithra, Prasanna; Moazen, Babak; Moghadaszadeh, Masoud; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohamad, Osama; Mohamadi, Efat; Mohammad, Dara K.; Mohammad, Yousef; Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi; Mohammadbeigi, Abolfazl; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadpourhodki, Reza; Mohammed, Ammas Siraj; Mohammed, Hussen; Mohammed, Jemal Abdu; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mohebi, Farnam; Bandpei, Mohammad A. Mohseni; Mokari, Amin; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molokhia, Mariam; Momen, Natalie C.; Monasta, Lorenzo; Mondello, Stefania; Mooney, Meghan D.; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Masoud; Moradi-Joo, Mohammad; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah; Moraga, Paula; Morales, Linda; Morawska, Lidia; Velasquez, Ilais Moreno; Morgado-da-Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosapour, Abbas; Mosser, Jonathan F.; Mouodi, Simin; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath; Mullany, Erin C.; Mumford, John Everett; Munro, Sandra B.; Muriithi, Moses K.; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Mustafa, Ghulam; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Nabavizadeh, Behnam; Nabhan, Ashraf F.; Naderi, Mehdi; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagel, Gabriele; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naghshtabrizi, Behshad; Naik, Gurudatta; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Nair, Sanjeev; Najafi, Farid; Naldi, Luigi; Nandakumar, Vishnu; Nandi, Anita K.; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Naserbakht, Morteza; Nayak, Vinod C.; Nazari, Javad; Ndejjo, Rawlance; Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith; Negoi, Ionut; Negoi, Ruxandra Irina; Netsere, Henok Biresaw; Neupane, Subas; Ngari, Kiirithio N.; Nguefack-Tsague, Georges; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nguyen, Diep Ngoc; Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi; Nguyen, Jason; Nguyen, Michele; Nguyen, Ming; Nguyen, Trang Huyen; Nichols, Emma; Nigatu, Dabere; Nigatu, Yeshambel T.; Nikbakhsh, Rajan; Nikpoor, Amin Reza; Nixon, Molly R.; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Nomura, Shuhei; Norheim, Ole F.; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Motlagh, Soraya Nouraei; Nowak, Christoph; Nsoesie, Elaine Okanyene; Nunez-Samudio, Virginia; Oancea, Bogdan; Odell, Christopher M.; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oghenetega, Onome Bright; Oh, In-Hwan; Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera; Oladnabi, Morteza; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Oluwasanu, Mojisola Morenike; Bali, Ahmed Omar; Omer, Muktar Omer; Ong, Kanyin L.; Ong, Sokking; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Oren, Eyal; Orji, Aislyn U.; Orpana, Heather M.; Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V.; Ortiz, Alberto; Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo; Osei, Frank B.; Ostojic, Sergej M.; Ostroff, Samuel M.; Oiu, Adrian O.; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Overland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; Section, Mahesh P. A.; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Pakhale, Smita; Pakhare, Abhijit P.; Pakshir, Keyvan; Palladino, Raffaele; Pana, Adrian; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Anamika; Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha; Park, Eun-Kee; Park, James; Parmar, Priya G. Kumari; Parry, Charles D. H.; Pasovic, Maja; Pasupula, Deepak Kumar; Patel, Jenil R.; Patel, Sangram Kishor; Paternina-Caicedo, Angel J.; Pathak, Ashish; Pathak, Mona; Patten, Scott B.; Patton, George C.; Paudel, Deepak; Paudel, Sagun; Paulson, Katherine R.; Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki; Pease, Spencer A.; Peden, Amy E.; Pennini, Alyssa; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Peprah, Emmanuel K.; Pereira, Alexandre; Pereira, David M.; Pereira, Jeevan; Perico, Norberto; Pescarini, Julia Moreira; Pesudovs, Konrad; Pham, Hai Quang; Phillips, Michael R.; Piccinelli, Cristiano; Pierce, Maxwell; Pigott, David M.; Pilgrim, Thomas; Pilz, Tessa M.; Pinheiro, Marina; Piradov, Michael A.; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Pishgar, Farhad; Plana-Ripoll, Oleguer; Plass, Dietrich; Pletcher, Martin; Pokhrel, Khem Narayan; Polibin, Roman V.; Polinder, Suzanne; Polkinghorne, Kevan R.; Pond, Constance Dimity; Postma, Maarten J.; Pottoo, Faheem Hyder; Pourjafar, Hadi; Pourmalek, Farshad; Kalhori, Reza Pourmirza; Pourshams, Akram; Poznanska, Anna; Prada, Sergio I.; Prakash, Sanjay; Prakash, V.; Prasad, Narayan; Preotescu, Liliana; Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga; Pupillo, Elisabetta; Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi; Rabiee, Mohammad; Rabiee, Navid; Radfar, Amir; Rafiee, Ata; Rafiei, Alireza; Raggi, Alberto; Rahim, Fakher; Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin; Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali; Rajati, Fatemeh; Rakovac, Ivo; Ram, Pradhum; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana; Rana, Saleem Muhammad; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Ranta, Annemarei; Rao, Puja C.; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rasella, Davide; Rashedi, Vahid; Rastogi, Prateek; Rath, Goura Kishor; Rathi, Priya; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Rawal, Lal; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Rawat, Ramu; Razo, Christian; Boston, Sofia; Regassa, Lemma Demissie; Reiner, Robert C., Jr.; Reinig, Nickolas; Reitsma, Marissa Bettay; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renjith, Vishnu; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaei, Nima; Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh; Rezapour, Aziz; Rhinehart, Phoebe-Anne; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P.; Ribeiro, Daniel Cury; Ribeiro, Daniela; Rickard, Jennifer; Rivera, Juan A.; Robalik, Toshana; Roberts, Nicholas L. S.; Roberts, Shaun; Robinson, Stephen R.; Rodriguez-Ramirez, Sonia; Roever, Leonardo; Rolfe, Sam; Romoli, Michele; Ronfani, Luca; Room, Robin; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Rostamian, Morteza; Roth, Gregory A.; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Rubagotti, Enrico; Rumisha, Susan Fred; Rwegerera, Godfrey M.; Saadatagah, Seyedmohammad; Sabour, Siamak; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Sadeghi, Masoumeh; Saeedi, Reza; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Saeidi, Shahram; Safari, Yahya; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sahraian, Mohammad Ali; Sajadi, S. Mohammad; Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza; Salam, Nasir; Salama, Joseph S.; Salamati, Payman; Zahabi, Saleh Salehi; Salem, Hosni; Salem, Marwa R.; Salimi, Yahya; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salman, Omar Mukhtar; Salomon, Joshua A.; Salz, Inbal; Samad, Zainab; Kafil, Hossein Samadi; Sambala, Evanson Zondani; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Sanchez-Pimienta, Tania G.; Santomauro, Damian Francesco; Santos, Itamar S.; Santos, Joao Vasco; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sarveazad, Arash; Sathian, Brijesh; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu; Sattin, Davide; Savic, Miloje; Sawyer, Susan M.; Saxena, Deepak; Saxena, Sonia; Saylan, Mete; Sbarra, Alyssa N.; Schaeffer, Lauren E.; Schiavolin, Silvia; Schlaich, Markus P.; Schmidt, Maria Ines; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth; Schwebel, David C.; Schwendicke, Falk; Seedat, Soraya; Sekerija, Mario; Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Serdar, Berrin; Serre, Marc L.; Servan-Mori, Edson; Sha, Feng; Shabani, Mahsima; Shackelford, Katya Anne; Shadid, Jamileh; Shafaat, Omid; Shahabi, Saeed; Shahbaz, Mohammad; Shaheen, Amira A.; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shalash, Ali S.; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsi, MohammadBagher; Shamsizadeh, Morteza; Shannawaz, Mohammed; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sharafi, Zeinab; Sharara, Fablina; Sharifi, Hamid; Sharma, Rajesh; Shaw, David H.; Sheena, Brittney S.; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheikhtaheri, Abbas; Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar; Shetty, Ranjitha S.; Shibuya, Kenji; Shield, Kevin David; Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw; Shigematsu, Mika; Il Shin, Jae; Shin, Min-Jeong; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shivakumar, K. M.; Shrime, Mark G.; Shuval, Kerem; Siabani, Soraya; Sierpinski, Radoslaw; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Silva, Joao Pedro; Simonetti, Biagio; Simpson, Kyle E.; Singh, Ambrish; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singh, Pushpendra; Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Skiadaresi, Eirini; Skou, Soren T.; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Sliwa, Karen; Smith, Amanda; Smith, Emma U. R.; Sobngwi, Eugene; Soheili, Amin; Sokhan, Anton; Soltani, Shahin; Somefun, Oluwaseyi Dolapo; Soofi, Moslem; Sorensen, Reed J. D.; Soriano, Joan B.; Sorrie, Muluken Bekele; Soshnikov, Sergey; Soyiri, Ireneous N.; Spencer, Cory N.; Spotin, Adel; Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Srinivasan, Vinay; Sripada, Kam; Stanaway, Jeffrey D.; Stark, Benjamin A.; Steel, Nicholas; Stefan, Simona Catalina; Stein, Caroline; Stein, Dan J.; Steiner, Caitlyn; Steiner, Timothy J.; Steuben, Krista M.; Stockfelt, Leo; Stokes, Mark A.; Stovner, Lars Jacob; Straif, Kurt; Stranges, Saverio; Stubbs, Jacob L.; Suchdev, Parminder S.; Sudaryanto, Agus; Sufiyan, Mu\awiyyah Babale; Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi; Sulo, Gerhard; Sultan, Iyad; Swope, Carolyn B.; Sykes, Bryan L.; Sylte, Dillon O.; Szocska, Miklos; Szumowski, Lukasz; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabb, Karen M.; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar; Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu; Tadesse, Degena Bahrey; Taherkhani, Amir; Tahir, Zarfishan; Tajdini, Masih; Takahashi, Ken; Takala, Jukka S.; Tamiru, Animut Tagele; Tang, Muming; Tanser, Frank C.; Tareque, Md Ismail; Tarigan, Ingan Ukur; Taveira, Nuno; Taylor, Heather Jean; Teagle, Whitney L.; Teame, Hirut; Tediosi, Fabrizio; Tefera, Yonas Getaye; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Teklehaimanot, Berhane Fseha; Tela, Freweini Gebrearegay; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Terrason, Sonyah; Tesema, Getayeneh Antehunegn; Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse; Thakur, Bhaskar; Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman; Thapar, Rekha; Thomas, Nihal; Thomson, Azalea M.; Thrift, Amanda G.; Thurston, George D.; Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna; Tlou, Boikhutso; Tohidinik, Hamid Reza; Tonelli, Marcello; Topor-Madry, Roman; Topouzis, Fotis; Torre, Anna E.; Touvier, Mathilde; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto; Traini, Eugenio; Tran, Bach Xuan; Travillian, Ravensara; Trias-Llimos, Sergi; Troeger, Christopher E.; Truelsen, Thomas Clement; Tsai, Alexander C.; Tsatsakis, Aristidis; Car, Lorainne Tudor; Tyrovolas, Stefanos; Uddin, Riaz; Ullah, Irfan; Ullah, Saif; Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David; Undurraga, Eduardo A.; Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran; Upadhyay, Era; Uthman, Olalekan A.; Vacante, Marco; Vaicekonyte, Regina; Vakilian, Alireza; Valdez, Pascual R.; Valli, Alessandro; Van Donkelaar, Aaron; Vardavas, Constantine; Varughese, Santosh; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales; Vasseghian, Yasser; Veisani, Yousef; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Vidale, Simone; Violante, Francesco S.; Vlassov, Vasily; Vollset, Stein Emil; Vongpradith, Avina; Vos, Theo; Vu, Giang Thu; Vujcic, Isidora S.; Vukovic, Ana; Vukovic, Rade; Hawariat, Feleke Gebremeskel W.; Waheed, Yasir; Wallin, Mitchell Taylor; Walters, Magdalene K.; Wamai, Richard G.; Wang, Fang; Wang, Haidong; Wang, Hongbo; Wang, Jiayu; Wang, Yafeng; Wang, Yanzhong; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Ward, Joseph L.; Watson, Alexandrea; Watson, Stefanie; Wei, Jingkai; Wei, Melissa Y. Wei; Weintraub, Robert G.; Weiss, Daniel J.; Weiss, Jordan; Welay, Fissaha Tekulu; Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay; Werdecker, Andrea; West, J. Jason; Westerman, Ronny; Whisnant, Joanna L.; Whiteford, Harvey A.; Wiangkham, Taweewat; Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana; Wiens, Kirsten E.; Wijeratne, Tissa; Wilner, Lauren B.; Wilson, Shadrach; Wiysonge, Charles Shey; Wojtyniak, Bogdan; Woldu, Gebremariam; Wolfe, Charles D. A.; Wondmeneh, Temesgen Gebeyehu; Wondmieneh, Adam Belay; Wool, Eve E.; Wozniak, Sarah S.; Wu, Ai-Min; Wu, Chenkai; Wu, Junjie; Hanson, Sarah Wulf; Wunrow, Han Yong; Xie, Yang; Xu, Gelin; Xu, Rixing; Yadgir, Simon; Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh; Yamada, Tomohide; Yamagishi, Kazumasa; Yaminfirooz, Mousa; Yano, Yuichiro; Yaya, Sanni; Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid; Yearwood, Jamal A.; Yeheyis, Tomas Y.; Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew; Yilgwan, Christopher Sabo; Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu; Yip, Paul; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Yoon, Seok-Jun; Lebni, Javad Yoosefi; York, Hunter W.; Younis, Mustafa Z.; Younker, Theodore Patrick; Yousefi, Bahman; Yousefi, Zabihollah; Yousefifard, Mahmoud; Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh; Yousuf, Abdilahi Yousuf; Yu, Chuanhua; Yu, Yong; Yuan, Chun-Wei; Yuce, Deniz; Yusefzadeh, Hasan; Zadey, Siddhesh; Moghadam, Telma Zahirian; Zaidi, Syed Saoud; Zaki, Leila; Zakzuk, Josefina; Bin Zaman, Sojib; Zamani, Mohammad; Zamanian, Maryam; Zandian, Hamed; Zangeneh, Alireza; Zarafshan, Hadi; Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich; Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu; Zhang, Jianrong; Zhang, Yunquan; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Zhao, Jeff T.; Zhao, Xiu-Ju George; Zhao, Yingxi; Zheleva, Bistra; Zheng, Peng; Zhou, Maigeng; Zhu, Cong; Ziapour, Arash; Zimsen, Stephanie R. M.; Zlavog, Bianca S.; Zodpey, Sanjay; Lim, Stephen S.; Murray, Christopher J. L.
ISI:000579154000005
ISSN: 0140-6736
CID: 4677342
Lancet. 2020:396(10258):1223-1249.DOI:

Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Murray, Christopher J. L.; Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.; Zheng, Peng; Abbafati, Cristiana; Abbas, Kaja M.; Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen; Abd-Allah, Foad; Abdelalim, Ahmed; Abdollahi, Mohammad; Abdollahpour, Ibrahim; Abegaz, Kedir Hussein; Abolhassani, Hassan; Aboyans, Victor; Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes; Abrigo, Michael R. M.; Abualhasan, Ahmed; Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal; Abushouk, Abdelrahman I.; Adabi, Maryam; Adekanmbi, Victor; Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood; Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.; Adham, Davoud; Advani, Shailesh M.; Agarwal, Gina; Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem; Agrawal, Anurag; Ahmad, Tauseef; Ahmadi, Keivan; Ahmadi, Mehdi; Ahmadieh, Hamid; Ahmed, Muktar Beshir; Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie; Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola; Akinyemiju, Tomi; Akombi, Blessing; Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet; Alahdab, Fares; Al-Aly, Ziyad; Alam, Khurshid; Alam, Samiah; Alam, Tahiya; Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour; Alanzi, Turki M.; Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun; Alhabib, Khalid F.; Ali, Muhammad; Ali, Saqib; Alicandro, Gianfranco; Alinia, Cyrus; Alipour, Vahid; Alizade, Hesam; Aljunid, Syed Mohamed; Alla, Francois; Allebeck, Peter; Almasi-Hashiani, Amir; Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.; Alonso, Jordi; Altirkawi, Khalid A.; Amini-Rarani, Mostafa; Amiri, Fatemeh; Amugsi, Dickson A.; Ancuceanu, Robert; Anderlini, Deanna; Anderson, Jason A.; Andrei, Catalina Liliana; Andrei, Tudorel; Angus, Colin; Anjomshoa, Mina; Ansari, Fereshteh; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.; Antony, Catherine M.; Antriyandarti, Ernoiz; Anvari, Davood; Anwer, Razique; Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw; Arabloo, Jalal; Arab-Zozani, Morteza; Ariani, Filippo; Armoon, Bahram; Arnlov, Johan; Arzani, Afsaneh; Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran; Asadi-Pooya, Ali A.; Ashbaugh, Charlie; Assmus, Michael; Atafar, Zahra; Atnafu, Desta Debalkie; Atout, Maha Moh\d Wahbi; Ausloos, Floriane; Ausloos, Marcel; Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala; Ayano, Getinet; Ayanore, Martin Amogre; Azari, Samad; Azarian, Ghasem; Azene, Zelalem Nigussie; Badawi, Alaa; Badiye, Ashish D.; Bahrami, Mohammad Amin; Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein; Bakhtiari, Ahad; Bakkannavar, Shankar M.; Baldasseroni, Alberto; Ball, Kylie; Ballew, Shoshana H.; Balzi, Daniela; Banach, Maciej; Banerjee, Srikanta K.; Bante, Agegnehu Bante; Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher; Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn; Barnighausen, Till Winfried; Barrero, Lope H.; Barthelemy, Celine M.; Barua, Lingkan; Basu, Sanjay; Baune, Bernhard T.; Bayati, Mohsen; Becker, Jacob S.; Bedi, Neeraj; Beghi, Ettore; Bejot, Yannick; Bell, Michellr L.; Bennitt, Fiona B.; Bensenor, Isabela M.; Berhe, Kidanemaryam; Berman, Adam E.; Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth; Bhageerathy, Reshmi; Bhala, Neeraj; Bhandari, Dinesh; Bhattacharyya, Krittika; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Bijani, Ali; Bikbov, Boris; Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat; Biondi, Antonio; Birihane, Binyam Minuye; Bisignano, Catherine; Biswas, Raaj Kishore; Bitew, Helen; Bohlouli, Somayeh; Bohluli, Mehdi; Boon-Dooley, Alexandra S.; Borges, Guilherme; Borzi, Antonio Maria; Borzouei, Shiva; Bosetti, Cristina; Boufous, Soufiane; Braithwaite, Dejana; Breitborde, Nicholas J. K.; Breitner, Susanne; Brenner, Hermann; Briant, Paul Svitil; Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich; Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich; Britton, Gabrielle B.; Bryazka, Dana; Bumgarner, Blair R.; Burkart, Katrin; Burnett, Richard Thomas; Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina; Butt, Zahid A.; dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano; Cahill, Leah E.; Camera, Luis L. A. Alberto; Campos-Nonato, Ismael R.; Cardenas, Rosario; Carreras, Giulia; Carrero, Juan J.; Carvalho, Felix; Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio; Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A.; Castelpietra, Giulio; Castro, Franz; Causey, Kate; Cederroth, Christopher R.; Cercy, Kelly M.; Cerin, Ester; Chandan, Joht Singh; Chang, Kai-Lan; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chattu, Vijay Kumar; Chaturvedi, Sarika; Cherbuin, Nicolas; Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel; Cho, Daniel Youngwhan; Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine; Christensen, Hanne; Chu, Dinh-Toi; Chung, Michael T.; Chung, Sheng-Chia; Cicuttini, Flavia M.; Ciobanu, Liliana G.; Cirillo, Massimo; Classen, Thomas Khaled Dwayne; Cohen, Aaron J.; Compton, Kelly; Cooper, Owen R.; Costa, Vera Marisa; Cousin, Ewerton; Cowden, Richard G.; Cross, Di H.; Cruz, Jessica A.; Dahlawi, Saad M. A.; Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura; Damiani, Giovanni; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Dangel, William James; Danielsson, Anna-Karin; Dargan, Paul I.; Darwesh, Aso Mohammad; Daryani, Ahmad; Das, Jai K.; Das Gupta, Rajat; das Neves, Jose; Davila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto; Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil; De Leo, Diego; Degenhardt, Louisa; DeLang, Marissa; Dellavalle, Robert Paul; Demeke, Feleke Mekonnen; Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam; Demsie, Desalegn Getnet; Denova-Gutierrez, Edgar; Dervenis, Nikolaos; Dhungana, Govinda Prasad; Dianatinasab, Mostafa; da Silva, Diana Dias; Diaz, Daniel; Forooshani, Zahra Sadat Dibaji; Djalalinia, Shirin; Do, Hoa Thi; Dokova, Klara; Dorostkar, Fariba; Doshmangir, Leila; Driscoll, Tim Robert; Duncan, Bruce B.; Duraes, Andre Rodrigues; Eagan, Arielle Wilder; Edvardsson, David; El Nahas, Nevine; El Sayed, Iman; El Tantawi, Maha; Elbarazi, Iffat; Elgendy, Islam Y.; El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I.; Elyazar, Iqbal R. F.; Emmons-Bell, Sophia; Erskine, Holly E.; Eskandarieh, Sharareh; Esmaeilnejad, Saman; Esteghamati, Alireza; Estep, Kara; Etemadi, Arash; Etisso, Atkilt Esaiyas; Fanzo, Jessica; Farahmand, Mohammad; Fareed, Mohammad; Faridnia, Roghiyeh; Farioli, Andrea; Faro, Andre; Faruque, Mithila; Farzadfar, Farshad; Fattahi, Nazir; Fazlzadeh, Mehdi; Feigin, Valery L.; Feldman, Rachel; Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad; Fernandes, Eduarda; Ferrara, Giannina; Ferrari, Alize J.; Ferreira, Manuela L.; Filip, Irina; Fischer, Florian; Fisher, James L.; Flor, Luisa Sorio; Foigt, Nataliya A.; Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin; Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich; Force, Lisa M.; Foroutan, Masoud; Franklin, Richard Charles; Freitas, Marisa; Fu, Weijia; Fukumoto, Takeshi; Furtado, Joao M.; Gad, Mohamed M.; Gakidou, Emmanuela; Gallus, Silvano; Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L.; Gardner, William M.; Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle; Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew; Geremew, Abraham; Hayoon, Anna Gershberg; Gething, Peter W.; Ghadimi, Maryam; Ghadiri, Keyghobad; Ghaffarifar, Fatemeh; Ghafourifard, Mansour; Ghamari, Farhad; Ghashghaee, Ahmad; Ghiasvand, Hesam; Ghith, Nermin; Gholamian, Asadollah; Ghosh, Rakesh; Gill, Paramjit Singh; Ginindza, Themba G. G.; Giussani, Giorgia; Gnedovskaya, Elena V.; Goharinezhad, Salime; Gopalani, Sameer Vali; Gorini, Giuseppe; Goudarzi, Houman; Goulart, Alessandra C.; Greaves, Felix; Grivna, Michal; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen; Gugnani, Harish Chander; Guimaraes, Rafael Alves; Guled, Rashid Abdi; Guo, Gaorui; Guo, Yuming; Gupta, Rajeev; Gupta, Tarun; Haddock, Beatrix; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Hafiz, Abdul; Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin; Haj-Mirzaian, Arya; Hall, Brian J.; Halvaei, Iman; Hamadeh, Randah R.; Hamidi, Samer; Hammer, Melanie S.; Hankey, Graeme J.; Haririan, Hamidreza; Haro, Josep Maria; Hasaballah, Ahmed I.; Hasan, Md Mehedi; Hasanpoor, Edris; Hashi, Abdiwahab; Hassanipour, Soheil; Hassankhani, Hadi; Havmoeller, Rasmus J.; Hay, Simon I.; Hayat, Khezar; Heidari, Golnaz; Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza; Henrikson, Hannah J.; Herbert, Molly E.; Herteliu, Claudiu; Heydarpour, Fatemeh; Hird, Thomas R.; Hoek, Hans W.; Holla, Ramesh; Hoogar, Praveen; Hosgood, H. Dean; Hossain, Naznin; Hosseini, Mostafa; Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi; Hostiuc, Mihaela; Hostiuc, Sorin; Househ, Mowafa; Hsairi, Mohamed; Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong; Hu, Guoqing; Hu, Kejia; Huda, Tanvir M.; Humayun, Ayesha; Huynh, Chantal K.; Hwang, Bing-Fang; Iannucci, Vincent C.; Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel; Ikeda, Nayu; Ikuta, Kevin S.; Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen; Ilic, Irena M.; Ilic, Milena D.; Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja; Ippolito, Helen; Iqbal, Usman; Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi; Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter; Islam, M. Mofizul; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Iso, Hiroyasu; Ivers, Rebecca Q.; Iwu, Chidozie C. D.; Iwu, Chinwe Juliana; Iyamu, Ihoghosa Osamuyi; Jaafari, Jalil; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Jafari, Hussain; Jafarinia, Morteza; Jahani, Mohammad Ali; Jakovljevic, Mihajlo; Jalilian, Farzad; James, Spencer L.; Janjani, Hosna; Javaheri, Tahereh; Javidnia, Javad; Jeemon, Panniyammakal; Jenabi, Ensiyeh; Jha, Ravi Prakash; Jha, Vivekanand; Ji, John S.; Johansson, Lars; John, Oommen; John-Akinola, Yetunde O.; Johnson, Catherine Owens; Jonas, Jost B.; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy; Jurisson, Mikk; Kabir, Ali; Kabir, Zubair; Kalani, Hamed; Kalani, Rizwan; Kalankesh, Leila R.; Kalhor, Rohollah; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kapoor, Neeti; Matin, Behzad Karami; Karch, Andre; Karim, Mohd Anisul; Kassa, Getachew Mullu; Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal; Kayode, Gbenga A.; Karyani, Ali Kazemi; Keiyoro, Peter Njenga; Keller, Cathleen; Kemmer, Laura; Kendrick, Parkes J.; Khalid, Nauman; Khammarnia, Mohammad; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Khan, Maseer; Khatab, Khaled; Khater, Mona M.; Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli; Khayamzadeh, Maryam; Khazaei, Salman; Kieling, Christian; Kim, Yun Jin; Kimokoti, Ruth W.; Kisa, Adnan; Kisa, Sezer; Kivimaki, Mika; Knibbs, Luke D.; Knudsen, Ann Kristin Skrindo; Kocarnik, Jonathan M.; Kochhar, Sonali; Kopec, Jacek A.; Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich; Koul, Parvaiz A.; Koyanagi, Ai; Kraemer, Moritz U. G.; Krishan, Kewal; Krohn, Kris J.; Kromhout, Hans; Defo, Barthelemy Kuate; Kumar, G. Anil; Kumar, Vivek; Kurmi, Om P.; Kusuma, Dian; La Vecchia, Carlo; Lacey, Ben; Lal, Dharmesh Kumar; Lalloo, Ratilal; Lallukka, Tea; Lami, Faris Hasan; Landires, Ivan; Lang, Justin J.; Langan, Sinead M.; Larsson, Anders O.; Lasrado, Savita; Lauriola, Paolo; Lazarus, Jeffrey V.; Lee, Paul H.; Lee, Shaun Wen Huey; LeGrand, Kate E.; Leigh, James; Leonardi, Matilde; Lescinsky, Haley; Leung, Janni; Levi, Miriam; Li, Shanshan; Lim, Lee-Ling; Linn, Shai; Liu, Shiwei; Liu, Simin; Liu, Yang; Lo, Justin; Lopez, Alan D.; Lopez, Jaifred Christian F.; Lopukhov, Platon D.; Lorkowski, Stefan; Lotufo, Paulo A.; Lu, Alton; Lugo, Alessandra; Maddison, Emilie R.; Mahasha, Phetole Walter; Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi; Mahmoudi, Morteza; Majeed, Azeem; Maleki, Afshin; Maleki, Shokofeh; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malta, Deborah Carvalho; Mamun, Abdullah A.; Manda, Ana Laura; Manguerra, Helena; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Mansouri, Borhan; Mansournia, Mohammad Ali; Herrera, Ana M. Mantilla; Maravilla, Joemer C.; Marks, Ashley; Martin, Randall V.; Martini, Santi; Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlandio; Masaka, Anthony; Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra; Mathur, Manu Raj; Matsushita, Kunihiro; Maulik, Pallab K.; McAlinden, Colm; McGrath, John J.; McKee, Martin; Mehndiratta, Man Mohan; Mehri, Fereshteh; Mehta, Kala M.; Memish, Ziad A.; Mendoza, Walter; Menezes, Ritesh G.; Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku; Mereke, Alibek; Mereta, Seid Tiku; Meretoja, Atte; Meretoja, Tuomo J.; Mestrovic, Tomislav; Miazgowski, Bartosz; Miazgowski, Tomasz; Michalek, Irmina Maria; Miller, Ted R.; Mills, Edward J.; Mini, G. K.; Miri, Mohammad; Mirica, Andreea; Mirrakhimov, Erkin M.; Mirzaei, Hamed; Mirzaei, Maryam; Mirzaei, Roya; Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mehdi; Misganaw, Awoke Temesgen; Mithra, Prasanna; Moazen, Babak; Mohammad, Dara K.; Mohammad, Yousef; Mezerji, Naser Mohammad Gholi; Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadpourhodki, Reza; Mohammed, Ammas Siraj; Mohammed, Hussen; Mohammed, Jemal Abdu; Mohammed, Shafiu; Mokdad, Ali H.; Molokhia, Mariam; Monasta, Lorenzo; Mooney, Meghan D.; Moradi, Ghobad; Moradi, Masoud; Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar; Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah; Moraga, Paula; Morawska, Lidia; Morgado-da-Costa, Joana; Morrison, Shane Douglas; Mosapour, Abbas; Mosser, Jonathan F.; Mouodi, Simin; Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam; Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi; Mueller, Ulrich Otto; Mukhopadhyay, Satinath; Mullany, Erin C.; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Muthupandian, Saravanan; Nabhan, Ashraf F.; Naderi, Mehdi; Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman; Nagel, Gabriele; Naghavi, Mohsen; Naghshtabrizi, Behshad; Naimzada, Mukhammad David; Najafi, Farid; Nangia, Vinay; Nansseu, Jobert Richie; Naserbakht, Morteza; Nayak, Vinod C.; Negoi, Ionut; Ngunjiri, Josephine W.; Nguyen, Cuong Tat; Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi; Nguyen, Minh; Nigatu, Yeshambel T.; Nikbakhsh, Rajan; Nixon, Molly R.; Nnaji, Chukwudi A.; Nomura, Shuhei; Norrving, Bo; Noubiap, Jean Jacques; Nowak, Christoph; Nunez-Samudio, Virginia; Otoiu, Adrian; Oancea, Bogdan; Odell, Christopher M.; Ogbo, Felix Akpojene; Oh, In-Hwan; Okunga, Emmanuel Wandera; Oladnabi, Morteza; Olagunju, Andrew T.; Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola; Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun; Omer, Muktar Omer; Ong, Kanyin L.; Onwujekwe, Obinna E.; Orpana, Heather M.; Ortiz, Alberto; Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo; Osei, Frank B.; Ostroff, Samuel M.; Otstavnov, Nikita; Otstavnov, Stanislav S.; Overland, Simon; Owolabi, Mayowa O.; Mahesh, P. A.; Padubidri, Jagadish Rao; Palladino, Raffaele; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Pandey, Anamika; Parry, Charles D. H.; Pasovic, Maja; Pasupula, Deepak Kumar; Patel, Sangram Kishor; Pathak, Mona; Patten, Scott B.; Patton, George C.; Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki; Peden, Amy E.; Pennini, Alyssa; Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino; Peprah, Emmanuel K.; Pereira, David M.; Pesudovs, Konrad; Pham, Hai Quang; Phillips, Michael R.; Piccinelli, Cristiano; Pilz, Tessa M.; Piradov, Michael A.; Pirsaheb, Meghdad; Plass, Dietrich; Polinder, Suzanne; Polkinghorne, Kevan R.; Pond, Constance Dimity; Postma, Maarten J.; Pourjafar, Hadi; Pourmalek, Farshad; Poznanska, Anna; Prada, Sergio I.; Prakash, V.; Pribadi, Dimas Ria Angga; Pupillo, Elisabetta; Syed, Zahiruddin Quazi; Rabiee, Mohammad; Rabiee, Navid; Radfar, Amir; Rafiee, Ata; Raggi, Alberto; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali; Rajati, Fatemeh; Rakovac, Ivo; Ram, Pradhum; Ramezanzadeh, Kiana; Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal; Rao, Puja C.; Rao, Sowmya J.; Rashedi, Vahid; Rathi, Priya; Rawaf, David Laith; Rawaf, Salman; Rawal, Lal; Rawassizadeh, Reza; Rawat, Ramu; Razo, Christian; Redford, Sofia Boston; Reiner, Robert C., Jr.; Reitsma, Marissa Bettay; Remuzzi, Giuseppe; Renjith, Vishnu; Renzaho, Andre M. N.; Resnikoff, Serge; Rezaei, Negar; Rezaei, Nima; Rezapour, Aziz; Rhinehart, Phoebe-Anne; Riahi, Seyed Mohammad; Ribeiro, Daniel Cury; Ribeiro, Daniela; Rickard, Jennifer; Rivera, Juan A.; Roberts, Nicholas L. S.; Rodriguez-Ramirez, Sonia; Roever, Leonardo; Ronfani, Luca; Room, Robin; Roshandel, Gholamreza; Roth, Gregory A.; Rothenbacher, Dietrich; Rubagotti, Enrico; Rwegerera, Godfrey M.; Sabour, Siamak; Sachdev, Perminder S.; Saddik, Basema; Sadeghi, Ehsan; Sadeghi, Masoumeh; Saeedi, Reza; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Safari, Yahya; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Sagar, Rajesh; Sahebkar, Amirhossein; Sajadi, S. Mohammad; Salam, Nasir; Salamati, Payman; Salem, Hosni; Salem, Marwa R. Rashad; Salimzadeh, Hamideh; Salman, Omar Mukhtar; Salomon, Joshua A.; Samad, Zainab; Kafil, Hossein Samadi; Sambala, Evanson Zondani; Samy, Abdallah M.; Sanabria, Juan; Sanchez-Pimienta, Tania G.; Santomauro, Damian Francesco; Santos, Itamar S.; Santos, Joao Vasco; Santric-Milicevic, Milena M.; Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer; Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sartorius, Benn; Sarveazad, Arash; Sathian, Brijesh; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu; Sattin, Davide; Saxena, Sonia; Schaeffer, Lauren E.; Schiavolin, Silvia; Schlaich, Markus P.; Schmidt, Maria Ines; Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth; Schwebel, David C.; Schwendicke, Falk; Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta; Senthilkumaran, Subramanian; Sepanlou, Sadaf G.; Serdar, Berrin; Serre, Marc L.; Shadid, Jamileh; Shafaat, Omid; Shahabi, Saeed; Shaheen, Amira A.; Shaikh, Masood Ali; Shalash, Ali S.; Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran; Shamsizadeh, Morteza; Sharafi, Kiomars; Sheikh, Aziz; Sheikhtaheri, Abbas; Shibuya, Kenji; Shield, Kevin David; Shigematsu, Mika; Il Shin, Jae; Shin, Min-Jeong; Shiri, Rahman; Shirkoohi, Reza; Shuval, Kerem; Siabani, Soraya; Sierpinski, Radoslaw; Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora; Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig; Silva, Joao Pedro; Simpson, Kyle E.; Singh, Jasvinder A.; Singh, Pushpendra; Skiadaresi, Eirini; Skou, Soren T. Skou; Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich; Smith, Emma U. R.; Soheili, Amin; Soltani, Shahin; Soofi, Moslem; Sorensen, Reed J. D.; Soriano, Joan B.; Sorrie, Muluken Bekele; Soshnikov, Sergey; Soyiri, Ireneous N.; Spencer, Cory N.; Spotin, Adel; Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.; Srinivasan, Vinay; Stanaway, Jeffrey D.; Stein, Caroline; Stein, Dan J.; Steiner, Caitlyn; Stockfelt, Leo; Stokes, Mark A.; Straif, Kurt; Stubbs, Jacob L.; Sufiyan, Mu\awiyyah Babale; Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul; Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi; Sulo, Gerhard; Sultan, Iyad; Szumowski, Lukasz; Tabares-Seisdedos, Rafael; Tabb, Karen M.; Tabuchi, Takahiro; Taherkhani, Amir; Tajdini, Masih; Takahashi, Ken; Takala, Jukka S.; Tamiru, Animut Tagele; Taveira, Nuno; Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Tesema, Getayeneh Antehunegn; Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse; Thurston, George D.; Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna; Tohidinik, Hamid Reza; Tonelli, Marcello; Topor-Madry, Roman; Topouzis, Fotis; Torre, Anna E.; Touvier, Mathilde; Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto; Tran, Bach Xuan; Travillian, Ravensara; Tsatsakis, Aristidis; Car, Lorainne Tudor; Tyrovolas, Stefanos; Uddin, Riaz; Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David; Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran; Upadhyay, Era; Vacante, Marco; Valdez, Pascual R.; van Donkelaar, Aaron; Vasankari, Tommi Juhani; Vasseghian, Yasser; Veisani, Yousef; Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy; Violante, Francesco S.; Vlassov, Vasily; Vollset, Stein Emil; Vos, Theo; Vukovic, Rade; Waheed, Yasir; Wallin, Mitchell Taylor; Wang, Yafeng; Wang, Yuan-Pang; Watson, Alexandrea; Wei, Jingkai; Wei, Melissa Y. Wei; Weintraub, Robert G.; Weiss, Jordan; Werdecker, Andrea; Westerman, Ronny; Whisnant, Joanna L.; Whiteford, Harvey A.; Wiens, Kirsten E.; Wolfe, Charles D. A.; Wozniak, Sarah S.; Wu, Ai-Min; Wu, Junjie; Hanson, Sarah Wulf; Xu, Gelin; Xu, Rixing; Yadgir, Simon; Jabbari, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh; Yamagishi, Kazumasa; Yaminfirooz, Mousa; Yano, Yuichiro; Yaya, Sanni; Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid; Yeheyis, Tomas Y.; Yilgwan, Christopher Sabo; Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu; Yip, Paul; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Younis, Mustafa Z.; Younker, Theodore Patrick; Yousefi, Bahman; Yousefi, Zabihollah; Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh; Yousuf, Abdilahi Yousuf; Yu, Chuanhua; Yusefzadeh, Hasan; Moghadam, Telma Zahirian; Zamani, Mohammad; Zamanian, Maryam; Zandian, Hamed; Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich; Zhang, Yunquan; Zhang, Zhi-Jiang; Zhao, Jeff T.; Zhao, Xiu-Ju George; Zhao, Yingxi; Zhou, Maigeng; Ziapour, Arash; Zimsen, Stephanie R. M.; Brauer, Michael; Afshin, Ashkan; Lim, Stephen S.
ISI:000579154000008
ISSN: 0140-6736
CID: 4703052
American journal of respiratory & critical care medicine. 2019:200(8):1022-1031.DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1161OC

Long-term Exposure to Ozone and Cause-Specific Mortality Risk in the U.S

Lim, Chris C; Hayes, Richard B; Ahn, Jiyoung; Shao, Yongzhao; Silverman, Debra T; Jones, Rena R; Garcia, Cynthia; Bell, Michelle L; Thurston, George D
RATIONALE/BACKGROUND:Many studies have linked short-term exposure to ozone (O3) with morbidity and mortality, but epidemiological evidence of associations between long-term ozone exposure and mortality is more limited. OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:We investigated associations of long-term (annual or warm season average) O3 exposure with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, a large prospective cohort of U.S. adults with 17 years of follow-up from 1995 to 2011. METHODS:The cohort (N=548,780) was linked to census tract-level estimates for O3. Associations between long-term O3 exposure (averaged values from 2002-2010) and multiple causes of death were evaluated using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for both individual- and census tract-level covariates, as well as potentially confounding co-pollutants and temperature. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS/RESULTS:Long-term annual average exposure to O3 was significantly associated with deaths due to cardiovascular disease (per 10 ppb, HR=1.03; 95% CI: 1.01-1.06), ischemic heart disease (HR=1.06; 95% CI: 1.02-1.09), respiratory disease (HR=1.04; 95% CI: 1.00-1.09), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (HR=1.09; 95% CI: 1.03-1.15) in single-pollutant models. The results were robust to alternative models and adjustment for co-pollutants (fine particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide), although some evidence of confounding by temperature was observed. Significantly elevated respiratory disease mortality risk associated with long-term O3 exposure was found among those living in locations with high temperature (p-interaction<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:This study found that long-term exposure to O3 is associated with increased risk for multiple causes of mortality, suggesting that establishment of annual and/or seasonal federal O3 standard(s) are needed to more adequately protect public health from ambient O3 exposures.
PMID: 31051079
ISSN: 1535-4970
CID: 3908832
Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2019:16(10):1207-1214.DOI: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201906-477ST

Air Pollution Monitoring for Health Research and Patient Care. An Official American Thoracic Society Workshop Report

Cromar, Kevin R; Duncan, Bryan N; Bartonova, Alena; Benedict, Kristen; Brauer, Michael; Habre, Rima; Hagler, Gayle S W; Haynes, John A; Khan, Sean; Kilaru, Vasu; Liu, Yang; Pawson, Steven; Peden, David B; Quint, Jennifer K; Rice, Mary B; Sasser, Erika N; Seto, Edmund; Stone, Susan L; Thurston, George D; Volckens, John
Air quality data from satellites and low-cost sensor systems, together with output from air quality models, have the potential to augment high-quality, regulatory-grade data in countries with in situ monitoring networks and provide much-needed air quality information in countries without them. Each of these technologies has strengths and limitations that need to be considered when integrating them to develop a robust and diverse global air quality monitoring network. To address these issues, the American Thoracic Society, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences convened a workshop in May 2017 to bring together global experts from across multiple disciplines and agencies to discuss current and near-term capabilities to monitor global air pollution. The participants focused on four topics: 1) current and near-term capabilities in air pollution monitoring, 2) data assimilation from multiple technology platforms, 3) critical issues for air pollution monitoring in regions without a regulatory-quality stationary monitoring network, and 4) risk communication and health messaging. Recommendations for research and improved use were identified during the workshop, including a recognition that the integration of data across monitoring technology groups is critical to maximizing the effectiveness (e.g., data accuracy, as well as spatial and temporal coverage) of these monitoring technologies. Taken together, these recommendations will advance the development of a global air quality monitoring network that takes advantage of emerging technologies to ensure the availability of free, accessible, and reliable air pollution data and forecasts to health professionals, as well as to all global citizens.
PMID: 31573344
ISSN: 2325-6621
CID: 4118222
Environmental research. 2019:177.DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108597

A land use regression model of nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter in a complex urban core in Lanzhou, China

Jin, Lan; Berman, Jesse D; Warren, Joshua L; Levy, Jonathan I; Thurston, George; Zhang, Yawei; Xu, Xibao; Wang, Shuxiao; Zhang, Yaqun; Bell, Michelle L
BACKGROUND:Land use regression (LUR) models have been widely used to estimate air pollution exposures at high spatial resolution. However, few LUR models were developed for rapidly developing urban cores, which have substantially higher densities of population and built-up areas than the surrounding areas within a city's administrative boundary. Further, few studies incorporated vertical variations of air pollution in exposure assessment, which might be important to estimate exposures for people living in high-rise buildings. OBJECTIVE:A LUR model was developed for the urban core of Lanzhou, China, along with a model of vertical concentration gradients in high-rise buildings. METHODS:at ground level were regressed against spatial predictors, including elevation, population, road network, land cover, and land use. The vertical variations were investigated and linked to ground-level predictions with exponential models. RESULTS:differed by windows orientation with respect to traffic, by season or by time of a day. Vertical variation functions incorporated the ground-level LUR predictions, in a form that could allow for exposure assessment in future epidemiological investigations. CONCLUSIONS:showed substantial spatial variations, explained by traffic and land use patterns. Further, vertical variation of air pollution levels is significant under certain conditions, suggesting that exposure misclassification could occur with traditional LUR that ignores vertical variation. More studies are needed to fully characterize three-dimensional concentration patterns to accurately estimate air pollution exposures for residents in high-rise buildings, but our LUR models reinforce that concentration heterogeneity is not captured by the limited government monitors in the Lanzhou urban area.
PMID: 31401375
ISSN: 1096-0953
CID: 4113642
Atmospheric environment (Oxford). 2019:(pp(253-262):253-262.DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.02.043

Land use regression study in Lanzhou, China: A pilot sampling and spatial characteristics of pilot sampling sites

Jin, L; Berman, J D; Thurston, G; Zhang, Y; Bell, M L
Background: Land use regression (LUR) has been widely used to estimate air pollution exposure in recent epidemiology studies. However, few LUR studies were conducted in China, and even fewer used purposefully designed monitoring networks. The objectives of this study are to obtain preliminary understanding of fine-scale air pollution distributions, and to provide a foundation for a future extended study in Lanzhou, China, a major industrial city. Method(s): A pilot monitoring network was designed using stratified-random sampling, and purposeful selection in gaps of spatial predictor distributions. Based on this network, NO2 were measured using Palmes tubes for 2 weeks in summer 2015, which were used to develop a pilot LUR model considering spatial information of traffic and population densities, elevation, land cover, and land use. We developed linear regression, kriging models, including ordinary kriging, universal kriging, and compared them using AIC. Result(s): The sampling sites of the pilot monitoring network represented wide ranges of spatial predictors (N = 47). The pilot LUR model explained 71% of the variance in the measured NO2 at the sampling sites. The spatial predictors in the model included road densities, elevation, and district indicator. Predicted NO2 concentrations were higher in the east of the city, which is more developed and has dense road networks. Linear regression model performed better than the kriging models due to the lowest AIC. Conclusion(s): This study developed a pilot monitoring network that can effectively capture variability in spatial characteristics and developed a robust LUR model capturing small-scale spatial variations of air pollution in an understudied area. The predicted and measured NO2 showed substantial spatial heterogeneity that was not captured by the limited government monitors. A future study with extended monitoring network and measurements from more seasons is needed to fully understand the distribution of air pollution in Lanzhou, China.
EMBASE:2001968185
ISSN: 1873-2844
CID: 3901982
Environment international. 2019:131.DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105022

Mapping urban air quality using mobile sampling with low-cost sensors and machine learning in Seoul, South Korea

Lim, Chris C; Kim, Ho; Vilcassim, M J Ruzmyn; Thurston, George D; Gordon, Terry; Chen, Lung-Chi; Lee, Kiyoung; Heimbinder, Michael; Kim, Sun-Young
Recent studies have demonstrated that mobile sampling can improve the spatial granularity of land use regression (LUR) models. Mobile sampling campaigns deploying low-cost (<$300) air quality sensors could potentially offer an inexpensive and practical approach to measure and model air pollution concentration levels. In this study, we developed LUR models for street-level fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration levels in Seoul, South Korea. 169 h of data were collected from an approximately three week long campaign across five routes by ten volunteers sharing seven AirBeams, a low-cost ($250 per unit), smartphone-based particle counter, while geospatial data were extracted from OpenStreetMap, an open-source and crowd-generated geographical dataset. We applied and compared three statistical approaches in constructing the LUR models - linear regression (LR), random forest (RF), and stacked ensemble (SE) combining multiple machine learning algorithms - which resulted in cross-validation R2 values of 0.63, 0.73, and 0.80, respectively, and identification of several pollution 'hotspots.' The high R2 values suggest that study designs employing mobile sampling in conjunction with multiple low-cost air quality monitors could be applied to characterize urban street-level air quality with high spatial resolution, and that machine learning models could further improve model performance. Given this study design's cost-effectiveness and ease of implementation, similar approaches may be especially suitable for citizen science and community-based endeavors, or in regions bereft of air quality data and preexisting air monitoring networks, such as developing countries.
PMID: 31362154
ISSN: 1873-6750
CID: 4010972
Current diabetes reports. 2019:19(8).DOI: 10.1007/s11892-019-1181-y

Air Pollution, Oxidative Stress, and Diabetes: a Life Course Epidemiologic Perspective

Lim, Chris C; Thurston, George D
PURPOSE OF REVIEW/OBJECTIVE:Ambient air pollution is strongly linked to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. We summarize available published evidence regarding similar associations with diabetes across the life course. RECENT FINDINGS/RESULTS:) exposure contributes to more than 200,000 deaths from diabetes annually. There is a growing body of literature linking air pollution exposure during childhood and adulthood with diabetes etiology and related cardiometabolic biomarkers. A small number of studies found that exposure to air pollution during pregnancy is associated with elevated gestational diabetes risk among mothers. Studies examining prenatal air pollution exposure and diabetes risk among the offspring, as well as potential transgenerational effects of air pollution exposure, are very limited thus far. This review provides insight into how air pollutants affect diabetes and other metabolic dysfunction-related diseases across the different life stages.
PMID: 31325070
ISSN: 1539-0829
CID: 3978212