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CREBH normalizes dyslipidemia and halts atherosclerosis in diabetes by decreasing circulating remnant lipoproteins

Shimizu-Albergine, Masami; Basu, Debapriya; Kanter, Jenny E; Kramer, Farah; Kothari, Vishal; Barnhart, Shelley; Thornock, Carissa; Mullick, Adam E; Clouet-Foraison, Noemie; Vaisar, Tomas; Heinecke, Jay W; Hegele, Robert A; Goldberg, Ira J; Bornfeldt, Karin E
Loss-of-function mutations in the transcription factor CREB3L3 (CREBH) associate with severe hypertriglyceridemia in humans. CREBH is believed to lower plasma triglycerides by augmenting the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL). However, by using a mouse model of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), we found that greater liver expression of active CREBH normalized both elevated plasma triglycerides and cholesterol. Residual triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) remnants were enriched in apolipoprotein E (APOE) and impoverished in APOC3, an apolipoprotein composition indicative of increased hepatic clearance. The underlying mechanism was independent of LPL, as CREBH reduced both triglycerides and cholesterol in LPL-deficient mice. Instead, APOE was critical for CREBH's ability to lower circulating remnant lipoproteins because it failed to reduce TRL cholesterol in Apoe-/- mice. Importantly, individuals with CREB3L3 loss-of-function mutations exhibited increased levels of remnant lipoproteins that were deprived of APOE. Recent evidence suggests that impaired clearance of TRL remnants promotes cardiovascular disease in patients with T1DM. Consistently, we found that hepatic expression of CREBH prevented the progression of diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis. Our results support the proposal that CREBH acts through an APOE-dependent pathway to increase hepatic clearance of remnant lipoproteins. They also implicate elevated levels of remnants in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in T1DM.
PMID: 34491909
ISSN: 1558-8238
CID: 5108482

Pcpe2, a Novel Extracellular Matrix Protein, Regulates Adipocyte SR-BI-Mediated High-Density Lipoprotein Uptake

Xu, Hao; Thomas, Michael J; Kaul, Sushma; Kallinger, Rachel; Ouweneel, Amber B; Maruko, Elisa; Oussaada, Sabrina M; Jongejan, Aldo; Cense, Huib A; Nieuwdorp, Max; Serlie, Mireille J; Goldberg, Ira J; Civelek, Mete; Parks, Brian W; Lusis, Aldons J; Knaack, Darcy; Schill, Rebecca L; May, Sarah C; Reho, John J; Grobe, Justin L; Gantner, Benjamin; Sahoo, Daisy; Sorci-Thomas, Mary G
OBJECTIVE: CONCLUSIONS:Overall, these findings reveal a novel and unexpected function for Pcpe2 in modulating SR-BI expression and function as it relates to adipose tissue expansion and cholesterol balance in both mice and humans.
PMID: 34551590
ISSN: 1524-4636
CID: 5026882

A simple, rapid, and sensitive fluorescence-based method to assess triacylglycerol hydrolase activity

Rajan, Sujith; de Guzman, Hazel C; Palaia, Thomas; Goldberg, Ira J; Hussain, M Mahmood
Lipases constitute an important class of water-soluble enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of hydrophobic triacylglycerol (TAG). Their enzymatic activity is typically measured using multistep procedures involving isolation and quantification of the hydrolyzed products. We report here a new fluorescence method to measure lipase activity in real time that does not require the separation of substrates from products. We developed this method using adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and lipoprotein lipase (LpL) as model lipases. We first incubated a source of ATGL or LpL with substrate vesicles containing nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD)-labeled TAG, then measured increases in NBD fluorescence, and calculated enzyme activities. Incorporation of NBD-TAG into phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles resulted in some hydrolysis; however, incorporation of phosphatidylinositol into these NBD-TAG/PC vesicles and increasing the ratio of NBD-TAG to PC greatly enhanced substrate hydrolysis. This assay was also useful in measuring the activity of pancreatic lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase. Next, we tested several small-molecule lipase inhibitors and found that orlistat inhibits all lipases, indicating that it is a pan-lipase inhibitor. In short, we describe a simple, rapid, fluorescence-based triacylglycerol hydrolysis assay to assess four major TAG hydrolases: intracellular ATGL and hormone-sensitive lipase, LpL localized at the extracellular endothelium, and pancreatic lipase present in the intestinal lumen. The major advantages of this method are its speed, simplicity, and elimination of product isolation. This assay is potentially applicable to a wide range of lipases, is amenable to high-throughput screening to discover novel modulators of triacylglycerol hydrolases, and can be used for diagnostic purposes.
PMCID:8488599
PMID: 34508728
ISSN: 1539-7262
CID: 5032542

Cardiovascular disease in diabetes, beyond glucose

Eckel, Robert H; Bornfeldt, Karin E; Goldberg, Ira J
Despite the decades-old knowledge that diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, the reasons for this association are only partially understood. While this association is true for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, different pathophysiological processes may be responsible. Lipids and other risk factors are indeed important, whereas the role of glucose is less clear. This lack of clarity stems from clinical trials that do not unambiguously show that intensive glycemic control reduces cardiovascular events. Animal models have provided mechanisms that link diabetes to increased atherosclerosis, and evidence consistent with the importance of factors beyond hyperglycemia has emerged. We review clinical, pathological, and animal studies exploring the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in humans living with diabetes and in mouse models of diabetes. An increased effort to identify risk factors beyond glucose is now needed to prevent the increased cardiovascular disease risk associated with diabetes.
PMCID:8411849
PMID: 34289375
ISSN: 1932-7420
CID: 5003902

Lipolytic enzymes and free fatty acids at the endothelial interface

Goldberg, Ira J; Cabodevilla, Ainara G; Samovski, Dmitri; Cifarelli, Vincenza; Basu, Debapriya; Abumrad, Nada A
Lipids released from circulating lipoproteins by intravascular action of lipoprotein lipase (LpL) reach parenchymal cells in tissues with a non-fenestrated endothelium by transfer through or around endothelial cells. The actions of LpL are controlled at multiple sites, its synthesis and release by myocytes and adipocytes, its transit and association with the endothelial cell luminal surface, and finally its activation and inhibition by a number of proteins and by its product non-esterified fatty acids. Multiple pathways mediate endothelial transit of lipids into muscle and adipose tissues. These include movement of fatty acids via the endothelial cell fatty acid transporter CD36 and movement of whole or partially LpL-hydrolyzed lipoproteins via other apical endothelial cell receptors such as SR-B1and Alk1. Lipids also likely change the barrier function of the endothelium and operation of the paracellular pathway around endothelial cells. This review summarizes in vitro and in vivo support for the key role of endothelial cells in delivery of lipids and highlights incompletely understood processes that are the focus of active investigation.
PMID: 34130222
ISSN: 1879-1484
CID: 4936762

Eruptive xanthoma model reveals endothelial cells internalize and metabolize chylomicrons, leading to extravascular triglyceride accumulation

Cabodevilla, Ainara G; Tang, Songtao; Lee, Sungwoon; Mullick, Adam E; Aleman, Jose O; Hussain, M Mahmood; Sessa, William C; Abumrad, Nada A; Goldberg, Ira J
Although tissue uptake of fatty acids from chylomicrons is primarily via lipoprotein lipase (LpL) hydrolysis of triglycerides (TGs), studies of patients with genetic LpL deficiency suggest additional pathways deliver dietary lipids to tissues. Despite an intact endothelial cell (EC) barrier, hyperchylomicronemic patients accumulate chylomicron-derived lipids within skin macrophages, leading to the clinical finding eruptive xanthomas. We explored whether an LpL-independent pathway exists for transfer of circulating lipids across the EC barrier. We found that LpL-deficient mice had a marked increase in aortic EC lipid droplets before and after a fat gavage. Cultured ECs internalized chylomicrons, which were hydrolyzed within lysosomes. The products of this hydrolysis fueled lipid droplet biogenesis in ECs and triggered lipid accumulation in cocultured macrophages. EC chylomicron uptake was inhibited by competition with HDL and knockdown of the scavenger receptor-BI (SR-BI). In vivo, SR-BI knockdown reduced TG accumulation in aortic ECs and skin macrophages of LpL-deficient mice. Thus, ECs internalize chylomicrons, metabolize them in lysosomes, and either store or release their lipids. This latter process may allow accumulation of TGs within skin macrophages and illustrates a pathway that might be responsible for creation of eruptive xanthomas.
PMCID:8203467
PMID: 34128469
ISSN: 1558-8238
CID: 4924662

John Calvert Rutledge, MD, 1949-2021

Goldberg, Ira J
PMID: 33760635
ISSN: 1524-4636
CID: 4862182

Inhibiting LXRα phosphorylation in hematopoietic cells reduces inflammation and attenuates atherosclerosis and obesity in mice

Voisin, Maud; Shrestha, Elina; Rollet, Claire; Nikain, Cyrus A; Josefs, Tatjana; Mahé, Mélanie; Barrett, Tessa J; Chang, Hye Rim; Ruoff, Rachel; Schneider, Jeffrey A; Garabedian, Michela L; Zoumadakis, Chris; Yun, Chi; Badwan, Bara; Brown, Emily J; Mar, Adam C; Schneider, Robert J; Goldberg, Ira J; Pineda-Torra, Inés; Fisher, Edward A; Garabedian, Michael J
Atherosclerosis and obesity share pathological features including inflammation mediated by innate and adaptive immune cells. LXRα plays a central role in the transcription of inflammatory and metabolic genes. LXRα is modulated by phosphorylation at serine 196 (LXRα pS196), however, the consequences of LXRα pS196 in hematopoietic cell precursors in atherosclerosis and obesity have not been investigated. To assess the importance of LXRα phosphorylation, bone marrow from LXRα WT and S196A mice was transplanted into Ldlr-/- mice, which were fed a western diet prior to evaluation of atherosclerosis and obesity. Plaques from S196A mice showed reduced inflammatory monocyte recruitment, lipid accumulation, and macrophage proliferation. Expression profiling of CD68+ and T cells from S196A mouse plaques revealed downregulation of pro-inflammatory genes and in the case of CD68+ upregulation of mitochondrial genes characteristic of anti-inflammatory macrophages. Furthermore, S196A mice had lower body weight and less visceral adipose tissue; this was associated with transcriptional reprograming of the adipose tissue macrophages and T cells, and resolution of inflammation resulting in less fat accumulation within adipocytes. Thus, reducing LXRα pS196 in hematopoietic cells attenuates atherosclerosis and obesity by reprogramming the transcriptional activity of LXRα in macrophages and T cells to promote an anti-inflammatory phenotype.
PMID: 33772096
ISSN: 2399-3642
CID: 4823692

Response to Letter to the Editor: "Lipid Management in Patients With Endocrine Disorders: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline"

Newman, Connie; Tannock, Lisa R; Goldberg, Ira
PMID: 33484130
ISSN: 1945-7197
CID: 4861852

Atherosclerosis Regression and Cholesterol Efflux in Hypertriglyceridemic Mice

Josefs, Tatjana; Basu, Debapriya; Vaisar, Tomas; Arets, Britt; Kanter, Jenny E; Huggins, Lesley-Ann; Hu, Yunying; Liu, Jianhua; Clouet-Foraison, Noemie; Heinecke, Jay W; Bornfeldt, Karin E; Goldberg, Ira J; Fisher, Edward A
[Figure: see text].
PMCID:7979499
PMID: 33530703
ISSN: 1524-4571
CID: 4850882