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Musculoskeletal Ultrasonography of the Extremities: Clinical and Ultrasonographic Correlation

Azad, Ali; De Tolla, Jadie; Walter, William; Paksima, Nader; Melamed, Eitan
Ultrasonography as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool has become a resource for musculoskeletal injuries. It can be a useful imaging modality for clinical correlation of physical examination findings as well as an aid for image-guided procedures. Understanding the settings in which it is a helpful adjunct will have implications on efficiency and cost utility. The objectives of this chapter are to provide a background of ultrasonography as a musculoskeletal imaging modality, provide clinical correlation for ultrasonographic findings for common upper extremity pathology, review the diagnostic efficacy of ultrasonography for image-guided procedures, and provide insight into the cost utility of ultrasonography guidance for therapeutic injections.
PMID: 33438941
ISSN: 0065-6895
CID: 4746862

Tourniquet Use for Short Hand Surgery Procedures Done Under Local Anesthesia Without Epinephrine

Shulman, Brandon S; Rettig, Michael; Yang, S Steven; Sapienza, Anthony; Bosco, Joseph; Paksima, Nader
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:Wide-awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) is an increasingly popular surgical technique. However, owing to surgeon preference, patient factors, or hospital guidelines, it may not be feasible to inject patients with solutions containing epinephrine the recommended 25 minutes prior to incision. The purpose of this study was to assess pain and patient experience after short hand surgeries done under local anesthesia using a tourniquet rather than epinephrine for hemostasis. METHODS:Ninety-six consecutive patients undergoing short hand procedures using only local anesthesia and a tourniquet (LA-T) were assessed before and after surgery. A high arm pneumatic tourniquet was used in 73 patients and a forearm pneumatic tourniquet was used in 23. All patients received a local, unbuffered plain lidocaine injection. No patients received sedation. Pain related to local anesthesia, pneumatic tourniquet, and the procedure was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). Patient experience was assessed using a study-specific questionnaire based on previous WALANT studies. Tourniquet times were recorded. RESULTS:Mean pain related to anesthetic injection was rated 3.9 out of 10. Mean tourniquet related pain was 2.9 out of 10 for high arm pneumatic tourniquets and 2.3 out of 10 for forearm pneumatic tourniquets. Patients rated their experience with LA-T favorably and 95 of 96 patients (99%) reported that they would choose LA-T again for an equivalent procedure. Mean tourniquet time was 9.6 minutes and only 1 patient had a tourniquet inflated for more than 20 minutes. Tourniquet times less than 10 minutes were associated with less pain than tourniquet times greater than 10 minutes (P < .05); however, both groups reported the tourniquet to be on average less painful than the local anesthetic injection. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Short wide-awake procedures using a tourniquet are feasible and well accepted. Local anesthetic injection was reported to be more painful than pneumatic tourniquet use. Tourniquets for short wide-awake procedures can be used in settings in which preprocedure epinephrine injections are logistically difficult or based on surgeon preference. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE/METHODS:Therapeutic IV.
PMID: 31924434
ISSN: 1531-6564
CID: 4257802

Outcomes of dorsal plating for selected distal radius fractures

Paksima, Nader; Driesman, Adam; Johnson, Julie; Kim, Christopher; Egol, Kenneth
To determine the functional outcome and complications following dorsal plating for unstable fractures of the distal radius. We searched our IRB-approved Distal Radius Fracture Databases and identified all patients who were treated with a dorsally applied plate. Thirty-four distal radius fractures in 33 patients with a mean age of 50 years and average follow-up of 14 months were treated with a dorsal locking plate from 2007 to 2015. Fifteen and six patients had dorsal shearing fracture pattern and delayed presentation, respectively. There were no loss of reduction, malunion, or nonunion. Average VAS pain score was 2.1/10. Eight patients (23%) required hardware removal, one of which was due to extensor tendon rupture (3%) and five due to extensor tendon irritation (15%). Dorsal locked plating of distal radius fractures with newer low-profile implants is a viable option for particular fractures types, such as the dorsal rim shear type fractures.
SCOPUS:85086342233
ISSN: 0001-6462
CID: 4509282

Postsurgical Rehabilitation of Flexor Tendon Injuries

Klifto, Christopher S; Bookman, Jared; Paksima, Nader
Rehabilitation after surgical repair of flexor injuries is a controversial topic. Motion at the repair site decreases risk for adhesions but increases risk for rupture. We review the current concepts behind various rehabilitation protocols based on zone of injury and the evidence behind each.
PMID: 31113704
ISSN: 1531-6564
CID: 3920532

Assessment of Pronator Quadratus Repair Integrity Using Dynamic Ultrasonography Following Volar Plate Fixation for Distal Radius Fractures

Hinds, Richard M; Montero-Lopez, Nicole; Brock, Kenneth; Adler, Ronald; Sapienza, Anthony; Capo, John T; Paksima, Nader
BACKGROUND:Previous work evaluating the pronator quadratus (PQ) muscle following volar plate fixation (VPF) of distal radius fractures (DRF) suggests that PQ repair often fails in the postoperative period. The purpose of this investigation was to assess PQ repair integrity following VPF of DRF using dynamic musculoskeletal ultrasonography. METHODS:Twenty adult patients who underwent VPF of DRF with repair of the PQ with a minimum follow-up of 3 months underwent bilateral dynamic wrist ultrasonography. The integrity of the PQ repair, wrist range of motion (ROM) and strength, and functional outcome scores were assessed. RESULTS:Mean patient age at the time of surgery was 59 ± 14 years, and 50% underwent VPF of their dominant wrist. Patients were evaluated at a mean 9 ± 4 months after VPF. All patients had an intact PQ repair. The volar plate was completely covered by the PQ in 55% of patients and was associated with a larger PQ when compared to patients with an incompletely covered volar plate ( P = .026). The flexor pollicis longus tendon was in contact with the volar plate in 20% of patients, with those patients demonstrating a trend toward significantly increased wrist flexion ( P = .053). No difference in ROM, strength, or outcome scores was noted among wrists with completely or incompletely covered volar plates. CONCLUSIONS:The PQ demonstrates substantial durability after repair following VPF. Wrist ROM, strength, and functional outcomes are similar in wrists in which the volar plate is completely or incompletely covered by the repaired PQ.
PMID: 30003811
ISSN: 1558-9455
CID: 3192682

Scaphoid Nonunions

Klifto, Christopher; Ramme, Austin; Sapienza, Anthony; Paksima, Nader
Scaphoid nonunions are challenging injuries to manage and the optimal treatment algorithm continues to be debated. Most scaphoid fractures heal when appropriately treated; however, when nonunions occur, they require acute treatment to prevent future complications like scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse. Acute nonunion treatment technique depends on nonunion location, vascular status of the proximal pole, fracture malalignment, and pre-existing evidence of arthrosis. Bone grafting and vascular grafts are common in nonunion management. Chronic nonunions that have progressed to scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse often require a salvage procedure such as four corner fusions, proximal row carpectomy, or wrist fusion. Herein, we review the current literature regarding scaphoid nonunions with regards to their anatomy, natural history, classification, diagnostic imaging, surgical management, and clinical outcomes.
PMID: 29537954
ISSN: 2328-5273
CID: 2992792

Open surgical elbow contracture release after trauma: results and recommendations

Haglin, Jack M; Kugelman, David N; Christiano, Anthony; Konda, Sanjit R; Paksima, Nader; Egol, Kenneth A
BACKGROUND:Post-traumatic elbow contracture is a debilitating complication after elbow trauma. The purpose of this study was to characterize the affected patient population, operative management, and outcomes after operative elbow contracture release for treatment of post-traumatic elbow contracture. METHODS:A retrospective record review was conducted to identify all patients who underwent post-traumatic elbow contracture release performed by 1 of 3 surgeons at one academic medical center. Patient demographics, injuries, operative details, outcomes, and complications were recorded. RESULTS:The study included 103 patients who met inclusion criteria. At the time of contracture release, patients were a mean age of 45.2 ± 15.6 years. Contracture release resulted in a significant mean increase to elbow extension/flexion arc of motion of 52° ± 18° (P < .0005). Not including recurrence of contracture, a subsequent complication occurred in 10 patients (10%). Radiographic recurrence of heterotopic ossification (HO) occurred in 14 patients (14%) after release. Ten patients (11%) elected to undergo a secondary operation to gain more motion. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Soft tissue and bony elbow contracture release is effective. Patients with post-traumatic elbow contracture can make significant gains to their arc of motion after contracture release surgery and can expect to recover a functional elbow arc of motion. Patients with severe preoperative contracture may benefit from concomitant ulnar nerve decompression. HO prophylaxis did not affect the rate of HO recurrence or ultimate elbow range of motion. However, patients must be counseled that contracture may reoccur, and some patients may require or elect to have more than one procedure to achieve functional motion.
PMID: 29290605
ISSN: 1532-6500
CID: 2957692

Perilunate Injuries and Dislocations Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management

Montero Lopez, Nicole; Paksima, Nader
Perilunate injuries most commonly occur in high energy trauma situations; however, they are rare and frequently missed. Familiarity with the complex bony and ligamentous anatomy is required to fully understand these complex injury patterns. Careful orthogonal imaging and evaluation is required to ensure timely diagnosis of a perilunate injury. Early recognition and management of acute perilunate injuries has been demonstrated to correlate with better patient outcomes. Delayed treatment of chronic injuries can result in post-traumatic osteoarthritis and carpal collapse requiring salvage interventions. Here, we review the anatomy, basic evaluation, and management of this frequently missed injury.
PMID: 29537955
ISSN: 2328-5273
CID: 2992802

Flexor Tendon Injuries

Klifto, Christopher S; Capo, John T; Sapienza, Anthony; Yang, S Steven; Paksima, Nader
Flexor tendon injuries of the hand are uncommon, and they are among the most challenging orthopaedic injuries to manage. Proper management is essential to ensure optimal outcomes. Consistent, successful management of flexor tendon injuries relies on understanding the anatomy, characteristics and repair of tendons in the different zones, potential complications, rehabilitation protocols, recent advances in treatment, and future directions, including tissue engineering and biologic modification of the repair site.
PMID: 29303923
ISSN: 1940-5480
CID: 2899522

Fracture of the Distal Ulna Metaphysis in the Setting of Distal Radius Fractures

Paksima, Nader; Khurana, Sonya; Soojian, Michael; Patel, Vipul; Egol, Kenneth
BACKGROUND: Fracture of the metaphyseal region of the distal ulna is an uncommon injury that has been reported to occur concomitantly with distal radius fracture. We aimed to report the incidence and types of distal ulnar head and neck fractures associated with distal radius fractures and compare outcomes in operatively versus non-operatively treated patients. METHODS: Over a 5-year period a distal radius fracture registry was maintained at our institution. Eleven of 512 consecutive patients had metaphyseal distal ulna fractures in association with distal radius fractures and at least 1-year follow-up. Baseline radiographs and functional data were obtained, and patients were followed at 1-week, 2-week, 3-week, 6-week, 3-month, 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year intervals. Patients were split into two treatment groups: Group 1 consisted of five non-operatively treated patients, and Group 2 consisted of six operatively treated patients. RESULTS: Four separate fracture patterns were observed: simple transverse or oblique fracture of the ulnar neck just proximal to the ulnar head, fracture of the neck region with concomitant fracture of the tip of the ulnar styloid, simple fracture of the ulnar head, and comminuted fracture of the ulnar head. There were no statistical differences between the two groups with regard to flexion, extension, supination, pronation, and functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Ulnar fracture patterns observed did not easily fall into previously described categories, and we have proposed a new classification system. Simple fractures of the ulnar neck or head often do not require operative fixation.
PMID: 28583055
ISSN: 2328-5273
CID: 2609452