Faculty Bibliography

Technologic advances, such as continuous RRT, provide lifesaving therapy for many patients. AKI in the critically ill patient, a fatal diagnosis in the past, is now often a survivable condition. Dialysis decision making for the critically ill patient with AKI is complex. What was once a question solely of survival now is nuanced by an individual's definition of quality of life, personal values, and short- and long-term prognoses. Clinical evaluation of AKI in the critically ill is multifaceted. Treatment decision making requires consideration of the natural evolution of the patient's AKI within the context of the global prognosis. Situations are often marked by prognostic uncertainty and clinical unknowns. In the face of these uncertainties, establishment of patient-directed therapies is imperative. A time-limited trial of continuous RRT in this setting is often appropriate but difficult to execute. Using patient preferences as a clinical guide, a proper time-limited trial requires assessment of prognosis, elicitation of patient values, strong communication skills, clear documentation, and often, appropriate integration of palliative care services. A well conducted time-limited trial can avoid interprofessional conflict and provide support for the patient, family, and staff.

Thoughtful decision-making in a patient with cancer and kidney disease requires a comprehensive discussion of prognosis and therapy options for both conditions framed by the individual's preferences and goals of care. An estimate of overall prognosis is generated that includes the patient's clinical presentation and parameters associated with adverse outcomes, such as age, performance status, frailty, malnutrition, and comorbidities. Empathic communication of this information using a shared decision-making approach can lead to an informed decision that respects patient autonomy and is consistent with the patient's "big-picture" goals and personal values.