Faculty Bibliography

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the CT findings associated with superior vena cava obstruction and to illustrate collateral venous pathways bypassing the obstruction as shown on MDCT. CONCLUSION: Multiple collateral venous pathways can form to bypass an obstruction of the superior vena cava. With its ability to acquire near isotropic data, MDCT allows high-quality reformations and thus exquisitely displays these venous collaterals and has the potential to aid in planning therapy to bypass the obstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cytopathologic findings of a series of paratracheal space (PTS) masses in the context of clinicoradiologic correlation. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review of our cytopathology files revealed 131 cases of PTS lesions in a 14-year period (1991-2005). Cytologic material was obtained under radiologic guidance. Radiologic findings, clinical data and subsequently performed tissue biopsies were reviewed and correlated. RESULTS: Radiologic imaging disclosed masses in the PTS ranging from 1 to 7 cm. Of the 131 cases, 103 (79%) were deemed diagnostic. Of these, 41 (40%) revealed nonneoplastic lesions, and 62 (60%) yielded malignant neoplasms. Nonneoplastic entities included: 31 (73%) hyperplastic lymph nodes and 10 (24%) sarcoidosis. Of the malignant cases, 45 (73%) were metastatic tumors: adenocarcinoma (ACA) 19, small cell carcinoma 12, squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) 11 and other tumors, from lung 34, esophagus 4 and other sites. Malignant neoplasms from local spread included lung non-small cell carcinoma 6, SQCC 3 and ACA 3, papillary thyroid carcinoma 3 and other 2. CONCLUSION: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) of PTS has a high diagnostic yield (79%) with a sensitivity of 97% and specificity of 100%. The most common diagnosis is a malignant tumor (60%), with metastatic carcinoma (73%) the most common neoplasm (lung ACA the most common primary source). The most common benign entity is a hyperplastic lymph node (24%). Ancillary studies (immunoctyochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization and electron microscopy) were helpful and provided definitive diagnosis in 30% of the initially nondiagnostic FNA samples.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to determine the utility of routine dissection of level II-B and level V-A in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) undergoing lateral neck dissection for ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA)-confirmed lateral nodal metastasis in at least one neck nodal level. METHODS: In a retrospective review, we studied the charts of 53 consecutive patients (February 2002-December 2007) with PTC who had undergone therapeutic lateral neck dissection that included at least level II-(A and B) and/or level V-(A and B). The levels were designated as such in situ prior to surgical pathology specimen processing. Reports of the preoperative FNA cytopathologic findings, the extent of lateral neck dissection by levels, and the postoperative final histopathologic examination were reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 53 patients underwent therapeutic lateral neck dissection for FNA-confirmed nodal metastasis of PTC at a minimum of one lateral neck level. All 53 patients had preoperative ultrasonography and FNA confirmation of lateral neck disease: 46 patients had PTC, 5 had the tall cell variant of PTC, and 2 had the follicular variant of PTC on final surgical pathology. Ten patients underwent neck dissection at the time of thyroidectomy, and 43 patients underwent neck dissection for lateral neck recurrence/persistence of PTC following a previous thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine +/- previous neck dissection. A total of 46 patients underwent unilateral neck dissection and 7 patients underwent bilateral neck dissection; thus 60 neck dissection specimens were evaluated. Level II (A and B) was excised in 59/60 neck dissections, with 33 of 59 specimens (33/59 = 60%) positive for metastasis. Level II-B was positive 5 times (5/59; 8.5-95% CI: 2.4, 20.4), and each time level II-B was positive, level II-A was also grossly (and histopathologically--seen at the time of surgery) positive for metastasis. Level III was excised 58 times and was positive in 38 specimens (38/58 = 66%). Level IV was excised 58 times and was positive in 29 specimens (29/58 = 50%). Level V (A and B) was excised 40 times and was positive in 16 specimens (16-40 = 40%). Level V-A did not account for any of the positive level V results (0%). CONCLUSIONS: Cervical lateral neck metastases in PTC occur in a predictable pattern, with levels III, II-A, and IV most commonly involved. Patients with PTC who undergo lateral neck dissection for FNA-confirmed nodal metastases might harbor disease in level II-B, especially if level II-A is involved. We recommend elective dissection of level II-B only when level II-A is involved, based on FNA confirmation, or when it is grossly involved on intraoperative evaluation. Routine dissection of level V-B is recommended in this patient population, while elective dissection of level V-A is not necessary.

Although long recognized as a nosocomial organism, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been noted to have an increasing incidence in both immunocompromised and otherwise healthy people in the community. Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) is genetically distinct from hospital-acquired MRSA and frequently expresses the Panton-Valentine leukocidin toxin, which confers an aggressive necrotizing phenotype and is accompanied by a poor prognosis. We present a case of CA-MRSA pneumonia with the aim to alert the radiologist of the radiographic manifestations of this increasingly encountered and frequently fatal disease.

High-resolution neck ultrasound plays a vital role in the evaluation and management of patients after total thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer. This technique is increasingly used by endocrinologists and head and neck surgeons to detect potential locoregional recurrences or metastases and map malignant lymph nodes before reoperation. It is also invaluable as guidance for fine-needle aspiration of suspicious lesions.Thorough knowledge of the compartments of the neck and meticulous scanning technique are essential for success.The purpose of this article is to review the common pattern of recurrences of differentiated thyroid cancer, describe our scanning protocol, and depict the characteristics of benign, indeterminate, and suspicious lesions in the postthyroidectomy neck.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the distribution of echogenicity (hypoechoic, isoechoic, or hyperechoic) and predominant intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) echogenic appearance of colorectal liver metastasis. The interpatient and intrapatient variability of tumor IOUS echogenicity was assessed. DESIGN: Retrospective review of prospectively collected database. SETTING: Tertiary cancer center. PATIENTS: Between January 1998 and July 2001, 99 patients (194 tumors) underwent hepatic resection for colorectal metastases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: During surgery, IOUS of the liver was performed and the images were digitally recorded. Images were randomly coded, blindly reviewed, and scored for echogenicity and ultrasonographic appearance pattern. RESULTS: The ultrasonographic appearance of the colorectal liver metastasis was hypoechoic in 52.0%, isoechoic in 35.7%, and hyperechoic in 12.3% of cases. Most colorectal liver metastases appeared homogeneous (50.8%). Less commonly, identified lesions were characterized by a target or "bull's-eye" appearance (20%) or contained calcifications (19%). Clinicopathologic characteristics, including patient age and sex, as well as tumor size, number, and location and presence of hepatic steatosis, did not correlate with tumor echogenicity or ultrasonographic appearance pattern (all P > .05). Lesions within patients were more similar in echogenicity than lesions between patients (P < .001). Similarly, intrapatient variability in appearance pattern was significantly less than the variability between patients (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS: The ultrasonographic characteristics of hepatic metastases within patients were more similar than between patients. Such information is important because it suggests that, in patients with more than 1 metastasis, the echogenic appearance of an index lesion may predict the echogenic appearance of additional occult disease.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to review our experience with reoperative thyroid bed surgery (RTBS) for recurrent/persistent papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), and present an algorithm for safe and effective RTBS. METHODS: This is a retrospective study. Records of 33 consecutive patients who underwent RTBS for recurrent/persistent PTC in a previously operated thyroid bed, and were operated upon by the senior author (R.P.T.) July 2001 to January 2006 were reviewed. Reports of the pre- and post-RTBS serum thyroglobulin (TG) levels, the high-resolution thyroid bed ultrasound examination, pre-RTBS FNA cytopathology, as well as the post-RTBS final histopathology were reviewed. Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) monitoring was used for all patients. Reports of the intra-RTBS condition of the RLN and any reported surgical complications were reviewed. In addition, reports of the pre- and post-RTBS fiberoptic laryngoscopy as well as pre- and post-RTBS serum calcium levels were reviewed. RESULTS: In our study, 33 consecutive patients underwent RTBS for recurrent/persistent PTC with or without lateral neck dissection. In 30 patients, recurrent/persistent PTC was suspected because of rising serum TG levels, interpreted in conjunction with serum anti-TG-antibody titers by the endocrinology service at our institution. Three patients had serum anti-TG antibodies and their disease was detected and FNA confirmed by a regularly scheduled surveillance ultrasound examination. All patients underwent pre-RTBS high-resolution thyroid bed ultrasound examination and FNA for all suspicious masses. All patients had FNA-confirmed PTC in the thyroid bed. All patients had detailed diagrams localizing areas of FNA-confirmed PTC in the thyroid bed provided to the surgeon. In all study patients, post-RTBS histopathologic findings confirmed sites of recurrent/persistent PTC determined by pre-RTBS US guided FNA. All RLNs (53/53) that were at risk were successfully identified. In 3 patients, the RLN was electively resected because of the envelopment by a large paratracheal mass or tumor densely adherent to the RLN insertion point at the cricothyroid region. There was no incidence of unexpected RLN injury, permanent hypocalcemia, or any other surgery-related complication. Post-RTBS serum TG levels were significantly decreased or undetectable in most patients (2 patients had concurrent lung metastases), when compared with pre-RTBS levels. No patient exhibited thyroid bed recurrent/persistent PTC in the post-RTBS period based on semiannual high resolution neck ultrasound examination with a median follow-up of 2 years. CONCLUSIONS: Safe and effective RTBS is based on a multidisciplinary approach that enables the identification and localization of recurrent/persistent PTC. The surgical algorithm for RTBS described, provides a pathway that all endocrine-head and neck surgeons can comfortably utilize to treat this complex and challenging patient population.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this pictorial essay is to illustrate the role of MDCT in the diagnosis of disease processes affecting the inferior vena cava (IVC). CONCLUSION: High-speed MDCT has the potential to replace traditional imaging techniques in the evaluation of pathologic processes involving the IVC. The ability to acquire near-isotropic data allows high-quality reconstructions in the sagittal and coronal planes and thus overcomes one of the major limitations of CT in evaluating the IVC.