Faculty Bibliography

STUDY DESIGN/METHODS:Cross-sectional validation study. OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:To develop a raw acceleration signal-based random forest (RF) model for predicting total energy expenditure (TEE) in manual wheelchair users (MWUs) and evaluate the preliminary field validity of this new model, along with four existing models published in prior literature, using the Doubly Labeled Water (DLW) method. SETTING/METHODS:General community and research institution in Pittsburgh, USA. METHODS:A total of 78 participants' data from two previous studies were used to develop the new RF model. A seven-day cross-sectional study was conducted to collect participants' free-living physical activity and TEE data, resting metabolic rate, demographics, and anthropometrics. Ten MWUs with spinal cord injury (SCI) completed the study, with seven participants having valid data for evaluating the preliminary field validity of the five models. RESULTS:The RF model achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.59 ± 0.60 kcal/min and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 23.6% ± 24.3% on the validation set. For preliminary field validation, the five assessed models yielded MAE from 136 kcal/day to 1141 kcal/day and MAPE from 6.1% to 50.2%. The model developed by Nightingale et al. in 2015 achieved the best performance (MAE: 136 ± 96 kcal/day, MAPE: 6.1% ± 4.7%), while the RF model achieved comparable performance (MAE: 167 ± 99 kcal/day, MAPE: 7.4% ± 5.1%). CONCLUSIONS:Two existing models and our newly developed RF model showed good preliminary field validity for assessing TEE in MWUs with SCI and the potential to detect lifestyle change in this population. Future large-scale field validation studies and model iteration are recommended.

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:Virtual reality (VR)-based interventions to improve balance and mobility are gaining increasing traction across patient populations. VR-based interventions are believed to be more enjoyable and engaging for patients with traumatic brain injury. This scoping review aims to summarize existing studies from the literature that used VR to improve balance and mobility and determine the gap in VR-based balance literature specific to individuals with traumatic brain injury. METHODS:Two authors independently searched the literature using the search terms "Virtual Reality Traumatic Brain Injury Lower Limb", "Virtual Reality Traumatic Brain Injury Balance", and "Virtual Reality Traumatic Brain Injury Gait". RESULTS:A total of seventeen studies, specifically, three randomized controlled trials, one one-arm experimental study, two retrospective studies, two case studies, one feasibility/usability study, one cohort study, and seven diagnostic (validation) studies, met the inclusion criteria for this review. The methodological quality of the studies evaluated using the PEDro scale was fair. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS:Future studies should focus on large-scale clinical trials using validated technology to determine its effectiveness and dose-response characteristics. Additionally, standard assessment tools need to be selected and utilized across interventional studies aimed at improving balance and mobility to help compare results between studies.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:Remote patient monitoring (RPM) is a tool for patients to share data collected outside of office visits. RPM uses technology and the digital transmission of data to inform clinician decision-making in patient care. Using RPM to track routine physical activity is feasible to operationalize, given contemporary consumer-grade devices that can sync to the electronic health record. Objective monitoring through RPM can be more reliable than patient self-reporting for physical activity. DESIGN AND METHODS/METHODS:This article reports on four pilot studies that highlight the utility and practicality of RPM for physical activity monitoring in outpatient clinical care. Settings include endocrinology, cardiology, neurology, and pulmonology settings. RESULTS:The four pilot use cases discussed demonstrate how RPM is utilized to monitor physical activity, a shift that has broad implications for prediction, prevention, diagnosis, and management of chronic disease and rehabilitation progress. CLINICAL RELEVANCE/CONCLUSIONS:If RPM for physical activity is to be expanded, it will be important to consider that certain populations may face challenges when accessing digital health services. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:RPM technology provides an opportunity for clinicians to obtain objective feedback for monitoring progress of patients in rehabilitation settings. Nurses working in rehabilitation settings may need to provide additional patient education and support to improve uptake.

INTRODUCTION/UNASSIGNED:Objective and continuous monitoring of physical activity over the long-term in the community is perhaps the most important step in the paradigm shift toward evidence-based practice and personalized therapy for successful community integration. With the advancement in technology, physical activity monitors have become the go-to tools for objective and continuous monitoring of everyday physical activity in the community. While these devices are widely used in many patient populations, their use in individuals with acquired brain injury is slowly gaining traction. The first step before using activity monitors in this population is to understand the patient perspective on usability and ease of use of physical activity monitors at different wear locations. However, there are no studies that have looked at the feasibility and patient perspectives on long-term utilization of activity monitors in individuals with acquired brain injury. METHODS/UNASSIGNED:This pilot study aims to fill this gap and understand patient-reported aspects of the feasibility of using physical activity monitors for long-term use in community-dwelling individuals with acquired brain injury. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:This pilot study found that patients with acquired brain injury faced challenges specific to their functional limitations and that the activity monitors worn on the waist or wrist may be better suited in this population. DISCUSSION/UNASSIGNED:The unique wear location-specific challenges faced by individuals with ABI need to be taken into account when selecting wearable activity monitors for long term use in this population.

OBJECTIVE:The application of wearable devices in individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI) resulting from stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI) for monitoring physical activity (PA) has been relatively recent. The current systematic review aims to provide insights into the adaption of these devices, the outcome metrics, and their transition from the laboratory to the community for PA monitoring of individuals with ABI. LITERATURE SURVEY/UNASSIGNED:The PubMed and Google Scholar databases were systematically reviewed using appropriate search terms. A total of 20 articles were reviewed from the last 15 years. METHODOLOGY/METHODS:Articles were classified into three categories: PA measurement studies, PA classification studies, and validation studies. The quality of studies was assessed using a quality appraisal checklist. SYNTHESIS/RESULTS:It was found that the transition of wearable devices from in-lab to community-based studies in individuals with stroke has started but is not widespread. The transition of wearable devices in the community has not yet started for individuals with TBI. Accelerometer-based devices were more frequently chosen than pedometers and inertial measurement units. No consensus on a preferred wearable device (make or model) or wear location could be identified, although step count was the most common outcome metric. The accuracy and validity of most outcome metrics used in the community were not reported for many studies. CONCLUSIONS:To facilitate future studies using wearable devices for PA measurement in the community, we recommend that researchers provide details on the accuracy and validity of the outcome metrics specific to the study environment. Once the accuracy and validity are established for a specific population, wearable devices and their derived outcomes can provide objective information on mobility impairment as well as the effect of rehabilitation in the community.

This paper a novel core-strengthening intervention (CSI) delivered using the AllCore360°, a device that targets trunk muscles through a systematic, high-intensity rotating-plank exercise. Three individuals (age: 61.7 ± 3.2 years; range: 58-64 years) with post-stroke hemiplegia participated in 12-sessions of the CSI. The participants completed up to 142 rotating planks at inclination angles (IAs) that ranged from 40° to 65°, over 12 sessions. The interventional effects on the functional outcomes of trunk performance, balance and mobility were assessed using the Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Timed-Up and Go (TUG) test, the 10-m walk test (10MWT), and the 6-min walk test (6MWT). Postural outcomes were assessed using the center of pressure (CoP) data recorded during quiet standing on a balance platform, and neuromuscular outcomes were assessed using electromyography (EMG) during AllCore360° rotations. All participants completed the CSI (minimum of 120 rotations), demonstrating the feasibility of the CSI in chronic stroke. The CoP data suggested improved lateral control of posture during standing across participants (averaging an over 30% reduction in lateral sway), while the EMG data revealed the ability of the CSI to systematically modulate trunk muscle responses. In summary, the current investigation presents the feasibility of a novel delivery method for core strengthening to maximize rehabilitation outcomes in the chronic phase of stroke.

STUDY DESIGN/METHODS:Cross-sectional validation study. OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:The performance of previously published physical activity (PA) intensity cutoff thresholds based on proprietary ActiGraph counts for manual wheelchair users (MWUs) with spinal cord injury (SCI) was initially evaluated using an out-of-sample dataset of 60 individuals with SCI. Two types of PA intensity classification models based on raw accelerometer signals were developed and evaluated. SETTING/METHODS:Research institutions in Pittsburgh PA, Birmingham AL, and Bronx NY. METHODS:Data were collected from 60 MWUs with SCI who followed a structured activity protocol while wearing an ActiGraph activity monitor on their dominant wrist and portable metabolic cart which measured criterion PA intensity. Data was used to assess published models as well as develop and assess custom models using recall, specificity, precision, as well as normalized Mathew's correlation coefficient (nMCC). RESULTS:All the models performed well for predicting sedentary vs non-sedentary activity, yielding an nMCC of 0.87-0.90. However, all models demonstrated inadequate performance for predicting moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) with an nMCC of 0.76-0.82. CONCLUSIONS:The mean absolute deviation (MAD) cutoff threshold yielded the best performance for predicting sedentary vs non-sedentary PA and may be used for tracking daily sedentary activity. None of the models displayed strong performance for MVPA vs non-MVPA. Future studies should investigate combining physiological measures with accelerometry to yield better prediction accuracies for MVPA.

The objective of the current investigation was to examine the presence, absence or alteration of fundamental postural control strategies in individuals post traumatic brain injury (TBI) in response to base of support perturbations in the anterior-posterior (AP) direction. Four age-matched healthy controls (age: 46.50 ± 5.45 years) and four individuals diagnosed with TBI (age: 48.50 ± 9.47 years, time since injury: 6.02 ± 4.47 years) performed standing on instrumented balance platform with integrated force plates while 3D motion capture data was collected at 60 Hz. The platform was programmed to move in the AP direction, during a sequence of 5 perturbations delivered in a sinusoidal pattern at a frequency of 1 Hz, with decreasing amplitudes of 10, 8, 6, 4, and 2 mm respectively. The sagittal plane peak-to-peak range and root mean square (RMS) of the hip, knee, and ankle joint angles during the 5 seconds of perturbation were computed from optical motion capture data. The TBI group had a higher mean range (5.17 ± 1.91°) about the ankle compared to the HC group (4.17 ± 0.81°) for the 10mm perturbation, but their mean range was smaller than the HCs for the other 4 conditions. About the hip, the TBI group's mean range was larger than the HC's for all conditions. For both groups, the mean range decreased with perturbation amplitude for all conditions. The TBI group showed larger changes in mean range and RMS values as the amplitude of the perturbation changed, while the HC group showed smaller intertrial changes. The results suggest that the TBI group was substantially more reliant on the hip strategy to maintain balance during the perturbations and this reliance was well linked with perturbation amplitude.Clinical Relevance- Existing information regarding changes in postural control strategies in individuals post TBI is limited. The current work demonstrates lower limb kinematic differences between HC and TBI and some preliminary evidence on increased hip movement in the TBI group.