Faculty Bibliography

The White House spokesman said on Sep 4, 1996 that an apparently benign cyst was surgically removed from President Clinton's neck in a minor 12-minute operation. The cyst, an ingrown pimple, was removed under local anesthesia by a dermatologist in the doctor's office at the White House

Dietary fat has been found to alter the incidence of cholesterol gallstones in hamsters: butterfat intensifies while safflower oil reduces lithiasis. WE not report how dietary fat affects bile flow and biliary lipid secretion in this model. Male hamsters were fed one of three experimental diets: a control diet (containing 0.3% cholesterol); control diet + 4.0% butterfat; or control diet + 4.0% safflower oil. After three weeks, bile samples were collected via an external biliary fistula. The endogenous bile acid pool was depleted for 120 min followed by increasing rates of taurocholate infusion for 160 min. Basal secretion of biliary lipids was measured during the bile acid depletion period. Basal bile flow and bile acid output were not significantly different in the three groups. Dietary butterfat increased basal cholesterol output compared to the control diet (0.037 vs. 0.025 mumol/min.kg, respectively); safflower oil did not change cholesterol output (0.027 mumol/min.kg). Hamsters fed butterfat or safflower oil secreted more phospholipid (0.171 and 0.178 mumol/min.kg, respectively) than controls (0.131 mumol/min.kg). The cholesterol/phospholipid output ratio of the butterfat group was higher than the safflower oil group (0.220 vs. 0.153, respectively). Effects of dietary fat on several relationships between file flow and biliary lipid secretion were analyzed by linear regression using the data for the entire bile collection period (bile acid depletion and taurocholate infusion). Butterfat and safflower oil did not change either bile acid dependent or bile acid independent bile flow. Hamsters fed butterfat had a higher linkage coefficient (slope) of cholesterol vs. bile acid output than the safflower oil group (0.023 vs. 0.009, respectively). The linkage coefficient of phospholipid vs. bile acid output of the butterfat group was higher than the controls (0.278 vs. 0.185, respectively). In summary, butterfat induced a high cholesterol and phospholipid secretion with a high cholesterol/phospholipid output ratio; safflower oil induced a high phospholipid secretion with a low cholesterol/phospholipid output ratio. Butterfat and safflower oil have different effects on biliary lipid secretion. These differences in biliary lipid secretion may explain, in part, how butterfat and safflower oil differ in affecting gallstone formation in hamsters.

This study examined the effect of castration and dietary hormonal supplementation on cholesterol cholelithiasis in male hamsters. Animals fed a standard lithogenic diet developed cholesterol gallstones (17%) after 6 wk, while castrated hamsters did not form any stones. Addition of a synthetic androgen, methyltestosterone, to the lithogenic diet induced cholelithiasis in castrated animals (50%). The biles of normal and castrated-hormone supplemented hamsters had cholesterol saturation indices of 1.0 and 1.1, respectively, while the bile of the castrated animals remained unsaturated (0.6). The ratio of cholic acid/chenodeoxycholic acid in bile increased after castration, but returned to normal levels following hormonal supplementation. Biliary cholesterol carriers were separated by ultracentrifugation. Animals in the stone-forming groups (normal and castrated-hormone treated) had a significant proportion of their biliary cholesterol in vesicles (44 and 46%, respectively); castrated hamsters had less cholesterol in vesicle form (9%). The molar ratio of cholesterol/phospholipid in vesicles was reduced after castration (0.93 vs. 0.42) and increased by hormonal supplementation (1.89). In conclusion, when compared to normal male hamsters fed a standard lithogenic diet, castration reduced the cholesterol saturation of bile, lowered the vesicular/micellar ratio in bile, and inhibited cholesterol cholelithiasis. Dietary androgen supplementation increased the lithogenicity of bile, resulting in stone formation in castrated animals.

PURPOSE: We evaluated in patients with prostate cancer whether treatment is associated with in decreased mortality and whether the association of treatment with mortality varies with calendar time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the 146,979 prostate cancer patients from the 1973 to 1990 public use tape of the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program, we performed survival analysis and multivariate proportional hazards modeling to estimate the relative risk of disease specific and overall mortality. RESULTS: In men with prostate cancer, advanced age, black race, high tumor stage and not having treatment were independently associated with disease specific and overall mortality. The relative risk of mortality in treated patients decreased significantly from 1973 to 1990. CONCLUSIONS: The fact that advanced age and black race are associated with disease specific mortality (even when treatment and stage are controlled) is a new observation, which suggests that tumor biology and/or response to treatment is worse in elderly and black men. Overall, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that treatment of prostate cancer is associated with lower disease specific and overall mortality rates. The decreases in relative mortality in treated patients from 1973 to 1990 indirectly support the theory that changes in patterns of care from 1973 to 1990 had a beneficial effect on mortality. This observation implies that future studies should account for calendar time when interpreting outcomes data.

Objective: To review the scientific and clinical bases for effective patient counseling in contraceptive care. Data Sources: All articles and chapters in the Annotated Bibliography of Doctor Patient Communication of the Task Force on Doctor and Patient of the American Academy on Physician and Patient were searched and included. This is an expert-derived data base based on MEDLINE review from 1969 to 1994 and including expert-selected additions from PsychLit and a variety of other social science data bases, books, and reviews. Methods of Study Selection: Expert consensus was used from the Committee on Bibliography of the American Academy on Physician and Patient. Tabulation, Integration, and Results: The doctor-patient interaction is the main determinant of the accuracy and completeness of patient data, diagnostic accuracy, efficiency in the encounter, compliance, patient understanding of problems, and patient and physician satisfaction. Yet this critical skill is inadequately taught and practiced, with serious consequences for patient care and physican job satisfaction. Use of the 14 structural elements (preparing the environment, preparing oneself, observation, greeting introduction, detecting and overcoming barriers to communication, surveying problems, negotiating a priority problem, developing a narrative thread, establishing the life context of the patient, establishing a safety net, presenting findings and options, negotiating plans, and closing) and three functions (gathering information, developing a therapeutic relationship, and patient education) and their associated behaviors improves encounter results significantly. Other helpful activities are patient activation, facilitating partnership, review of findings and plans, eliciting and responding to patients' attitudes and emotions about contraception and fertility, and use of empathy and positive regard. Conclusions: The use of scientifically derived, empirically validated interview skills substantially improves outcomes in contraceptive and other patient education and counseling. Use of appropriate structure and functions of the encounter, patient participation and partnership, review of patient understanding and reactions, and relating to the patients' attitudes and emotions about the subject each improve the outcomes of contraceptive care

Use of calcium channel blockers, one of the most widely prescribed classes of medications for high blood pressure and other ailments, has been tentatively linked to higher rates of cancer among older people in a federally financed study. The risk of developing cancer was 72 percent higher among those who used the short-acting forms of calcium channel blockers in the study by a team led by Dr. Marco Pahor of the University of Tennessee in Memphis. Pahor's team cautioned that its study did not establish cause and effect, but only a suggestive association. Nor, they said, did the study provide enough evidence to recommend that people should stop using calcium channel blockers, or calcium antagonists as they are also known

Use of calcium channel blockers, one of the most widely prescribed classes of medication for high blood pressure and other ailments, has been tentatively linked to higher rates of cancer among older people in a federally financed study. The study, to be published Aug 24, 1996 in the Lancet, found the risk of developing cancer to be 72% higher among those who used the short-acting forms of the drug

Use of calcium channel blockers, one of the most widely prescribed classes of medications for high blood pressure and other ailments, has been tentatively linked to higher rates of cancer among older people in a federally financed study. The risk of developing cancer was 72 percent higher among those who used the short-acting forms of calcium channel blockers in the study by a team led by Dr. Marco Pahor of the University of Tennessee in Memphis. Pahor's team cautioned that its study did not establish cause and effect, but only a suggestive association. Nor, they said, did the study provide enough evidence to recommend that people should stop using calcium channel blockers, or calcium antagonists as they are also known