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department:Medicine. General Internal Medicine

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AIDS cases increases among heterosexuals [Newspaper Article]

Altman, Lawrence K
Federal health officials said on Mar 10, 1994 that heterosexual transmission accounted for the largest proportionate increase in AIDS cases reported in 1993. However, heterosexual transmission still accounts for only 9% of the total 103,500 cases reported during 1993
PROQUEST:3703527
ISSN: 0362-4331
CID: 85267

HETEROSEXUALLY-CAUSED AIDS CASES OUTPACE REST [Newspaper Article]

Altman, Lawrence K
In a development that reflects the changing demographic face of the AIDS epidemic in this country, heterosexual transmission accounted for the largest proportionate increase in AIDS cases reported last year, federal health officials said Thursday. In its first report on heterosexual transmission of AIDS in four years, the centers said that, in 1993, the cases of AIDS that could be attributed to heterosexual transmission were 6,056 for women and 3,232 for men. A disproportionate number were among blacks and Hispanics. A major challenge, the report said, is to help develop culturally and linguistically appropriate HIV-prevention messages for different racial and ethnic groups
PROQUEST:87158988
ISSN: 8750-1317
CID: 85268

HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF AIDS INCREASES TOTAL CASES DOUBLED IN '93, DUE PARTLY TO NEW DEFINITION [Newspaper Article]

Altman, Lawrence K
In 1985, when the total number of AIDS cases was far smaller than now, heterosexual transmission accounted for 1.9 percent. From 1985 to 1993, the proportion of cases attributed to sex among gay men decreased from 66.5 percent to 46.6 percent. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the federal agency in Atlanta that issues the reports and is responsible for tracking the AIDS epidemic, added that the 9 percent figure for heterosexuals for 1993 was a conservative estimate. In its first report on heterosexual transmission of AIDS in four years, the centers said that 1993 AIDS cases that could be attributed to heterosexual transmission were 6,056 for women and 3,232 for men. A disproportionate number were among black and Hispanic people. For a case of AIDS to be classified as due to heterosexual transmission, the federal centers require a history of heterosexual contact with a partner who has AIDS, is HIV-infected or has risk factors for HIV infection
PROQUEST:70330021
ISSN: 1055-3053
CID: 85269

LOOKING BEYOND ULCER CAUSE, CURE [Newspaper Article]

Altman, Lawrence K
So-called stomach ulcers appear in two places. Duodenal ulcers, which develop in the first part of the small intestine, are more common than gastric ulcers, which are in the stomach. Virtually all patients with duodenal ulcers have evidence of H. pylori infection, and about 80% of those with gastric ulcers harbor the organism. The most convincing evidence for a relationship between ulcers and H. pylori infection comes from significant differences in rates of recurrence among ulcer patients who did and did not receive antimicrobials. Among ulcer patients in whom H. pylori is eliminated and who do not take a drug that may cause gastrointestinal bleeding, such as ibuprofen, the recurrence rate is less than 5% after two years, [David Y. Graham] said. Few experts believe that H. pylori is the sole cause either of stomach ulcers or of cancer. The belief is that the two ailments result from a chain of events involving H. pylori at an early and crucial stage, but that other factors are necessary for their development. They hope elimination of H. pylori from the body might provide the knockout blow to stomach cancer
PROQUEST:100663161
ISSN: n/a
CID: 85270

MIDDLE KINGDOM A germ that's a pain in the gut [Newspaper Article]

Altman, Lawrence K
The ulcer link: 1. Decrease in mucus layer may allow acid to damage stomach. 2. H. Pylori may produce a toxin that harms stomach. 3. H. Pylori may elevate stomach acid. 4. Other factors like genetic tendencies and smoking may be involved. Possible cancer link: 1. Cell damage and death lead to increased cell division, raising risk of DNA damage. 2. Inflammation causes production of free radicals, highly reactive molecules that can damage DNA. 3
PROQUEST:1103715391
ISSN: 0319-0714
CID: 85271

Tuberculosis vaccine found surprisingly effective in study [Newspaper Article]

Altman, Lawrence K
A new statistical study has found that a vaccine known as BCG, for bacillus Calmette-Guerin, has been found to reduce the risk of full-fledged tuberculosis of the lung by 50% and death by 71%. BCG has been used only infrequently in the US, because federal health officials have considered it unreliable, but the new study seems certain to renew public health policy debates about the use of BCG. The study was conducted at the Harvard School of Public Health and was financed by the CDC
PROQUEST:3702339
ISSN: 0362-4331
CID: 85272

STUDY FINDS TB VACCINE EFFECTIVE [Newspaper Article]

Altman, Lawrence K
A vaccine to prevent tuberculosis that is used only infrequently in this country, largely because federal health officials consider it unreliable, is surprisingly effective, a new statistical study has discovered. It was found to reduce the risk of full-fledged tuberculosis of the lung by 50 percent and death by 71 percent. The vaccine known as BCG, for bacillus Calmette-Guerin, after the French scientists who began developing it in 1906, is reported to be the most widely used vaccine in the world. One major problem is that anyone who has had BCG vaccine will have a positive tuberculin skin test. The skin test, which is the mainstay of tuberculosis surveillance in the United States, would become meaningless as the use of BCG became widespread, and health officials would need to rely on chest X-rays and other methods to detect new infections
PROQUEST:87150898
ISSN: 8750-1317
CID: 85273

THE DOCTOR'S WORLD; Obstacle-Strewn Road to Rethinking the Numbers on AIDS [Newspaper Article]

Altman, Lawrence K
The new estimate could have critical health, political and economic ramifications. For planning purposes, health officials need to know where and how many new cases of H.I.V., the virus that causes AIDS, are occurring. Determining the national trend in H.I.V. infections and identifying geographical hot spots is crucial to making budgets, developing sound public health policy, evaluating the success of prevention programs and determining research needs and priorities. To health officials, the absolute number of H.I.V. infections is less important than whether the number of new H.I.V. infections is rising or falling. Ideally, statisticians want to know that number each year. But because such data are not collected nationally for H.I.V. and no national study has encompassed all high-risk groups, extrapolations must be made from small studies and surveys. The transmission of H.I.V. has by no means stopped in gay men. Studies in Chicago and Denver showed that 2.5 percent of gay men in their teen-age years and early 20's were becoming infected each year. Another study showed that despite an overall decline in new infection rates, many young gay men were becoming infected with H.I.V. in San Francisco and Berkeley, Calif.; the highest rates are in black gay men
PROQUEST:967310851
ISSN: 0362-4331
CID: 85274

Rationing or triage? The fate of the homebound aged

Brickner, P W
PMID: 10132673
ISSN: 0738-467x
CID: 691192

Enhanced in vitro human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in B cells expressing surface antibody to the TM Env protein

Tani Y; Donoghue E; Sharpe S; Boone E; Lane HC; Zolla-Pazner S; Cohen DI
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) external envelope glycoprotein gp120 tightly binds CD4 as its principal cellular receptor, explaining the tropism of HIV-1 for CD4+ cells. Nevertheless, reports documenting HIV infection or HIV binding in cells lacking CD4 surface expression have raised the possibility that cellular receptors in addition to CD4 may interact with HIV envelope. Moreover, the lymphocyte adhesion molecule LFA-1 appears to play an important role in augmenting HIV-1 viral spread and cytopathicity in vitro, although the mechanism of this function is still not completely defined. In the course of characterizing a human anti-HIV gp41 monoclonal antibody, we transfected a CD4-negative, LFA-1-negative B-cell line to express an anti-gp41 immunoglobulin receptor (surface immunoglobulin [sIg]/gp41). Despite acquiring the ability to bind HIV envelope, such transfected B cells could not be infected by HIV-1. These cells were not intrinsically defective for supporting HIV-1 infection, because when directed to produce surface CD4 by using retroviral constructs, they acquired the ability to replicate HIV-1. Interestingly, transfected cells expressing both surface CD4 and sIg/gp41 receptors replicated HIV much better than cells expressing only CD4. The enhancement resided specifically in sIg/gp41, because isotype-specific, anti-IgG1 antibodies directed against sIg/gp41 blocked the enhancement. These data directly establish the ability of a cell surface anti-gp41 receptor to enhance HIV-1 replication
PMCID:236656
PMID: 8107254
ISSN: 0022-538x
CID: 9265