Faculty Bibliography

BACKGROUND:Interprofessional education is increasingly recognized as essential for health education worldwide. Although effective management, innovation, and entrepreneurship are necessary to improve health systems, business schools have been underrepresented in global health education. Central America needs more health professionals trained in health management and innovation to respond to health disparities, especially in rural communities. OBJECTIVE:This paper explores the impact of the Health Innovation Fellowship (HIF), a new training program for practicing health professionals offered jointly by the Central American Healthcare Initiative and INCAE Business School, Costa Rica. Launched in 2014, HIF's goal is to create a network of highly trained interdisciplinary health professionals in competencies to improve health of Central American communities through better health management. METHODS:The program's fellows carried out innovative healthcare projects in their local regions. The first three annual cohorts (total of 43 fellows) represented all health-related professions and sectors (private, public, and civil society) from six Central American countries. All fellows attended four 1-week, on-site modular training sessions, received ongoing mentorship, and stayed connected through formal and informal networks and webinars through which they exchange knowledge and support each other. CAHI stakeholders supported HIF financially. RESULTS:Impact evaluation of the three-year pilot training program is positive: fellows improved their health management skills and more than 50% of the projects found either financial or political support for their implementation. CONCLUSIONS:HIF's strengths include that both program leaders and trainees come from the Global South, and that HIF offers a platform to collaborate with partners in the Global North. By focusing on promoting innovation and management at a top business school in the region, HIF constitutes a novel capacity-building effort within global health education. HIF is a capacity-building effort that can be scaled up in the region and other low- and middle-income countries.

BACKGROUND:Through diet and exercise interventions, community centers offer an opportunity to address health-related issues for some of the oldest, most vulnerable members of our society. OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this investigation is to draw upon nationwide data to better characterize the population served by the congregate meals program and to gather more detailed information on a local level to identify opportunities for service enhancement to improve the health and well-being of older adults. DESIGN/METHODS:We examined community center data from two sources: 2015 National Survey of Older Americans Act and surveys from two New York City community centers. To assess nationwide service delivery, we analyzed participant demographics, functional status defined by activities of daily living, and perceptions of services received. MEASUREMENTS/METHODS:Participants from the two New York City community centers completed a four-day food record. Functional measures included the short physical performance battery, self-reported physical function, grip strength, and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. RESULTS:Nationwide (n=901), most participants rated the meal quality as good to excellent (91.7%), and would recommend the congregate meals program to a friend (96.0%). Local level data (n=22) were collected for an in-depth understanding of diet, physical activity patterns, body weight, and objective functional status measures. Diets of this small, local convenience sample were higher in fat, cholesterol, and sodium, and lower in calcium, magnesium, and fiber than recommended by current United States Dietary Guidelines. Average time engaged in moderate physical activity was 254 minutes per week (SD=227), exceeding the recommended 150 minutes per week, but just 41% (n=9) and 50% (n=11) of participants engaged in strength or balance exercises, respectively. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Research is warranted to test whether improvements in the nutritional quality of food served and access/supports for engaging in strength training within community centers could help older adults achieve diet and physical activity recommendations.

BACKGROUND:Mechanisms underlying the heightened myocardial infarction risk among HIV-infected women (versus non-HIV-infected women) remain unclear. Our objectives were to assess epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume and its associations among asymptomatic women with and without HIV. METHODS:A total of 55 HIV-infected and 27 non-HIV-infected women without known cardiovascular disease who underwent cardiac CT and metabolic/immune phenotyping were included. EAT volume derived from CT was compared among women with and without HIV, and within-group EAT associations were assessed. Next, immune and atherosclerotic plaque parameters were compared among groups stratified by HIV serostatus and high/low EAT (defined in reference to median EAT for each serostatus group). RESULTS:[P=0.04]; P for overall ANOVA) and were highest among HIV-infected women with excess EAT (versus HIV-infected women without excess EAT, non-HIV-infected women with excess EAT and non-HIV-infected women without excess EAT). The percentage of segments with non-calcified coronary plaque also differed by HIV serostatus/EAT volume subgroup and was highest among HIV-infected women with excess EAT. CONCLUSIONS:Asymptomatic women with and without HIV have similar volumes of EAT, but drivers of EAT may differ between groups. HIV-infected women with excess EAT have highest-level immune activation and the highest percentage of non-calcified plaque. Future studies are needed to determine whether EAT contributes pathogenetically to HIV-associated cardiovascular disease in women.

Learning Objective #1: Recognize how to diagnose tick-borne co-infections based on clinical presentation and lab findings. CASE: A 43-year-old man presented with one month of progressively worsening malaise and polyarthralgias to the point that he could not walk or hold utensils. He reported that shortly after removing a tick from his thigh while in upstate New York he developed fevers, anorexia, dizziness, and memory problems in addition to the rheumatic symptoms above. He denied any rashes or inflamed joints. On exam he was ill-appearing, had a fever of 102F but had no rashes, no joint erythema or effusions, and no cardiac murmurs. Laboratory values were significant for a hemoglobin of 9.2 g/dL, iron level of 55mu g/dL, total iron binding capacity of 247mu g/dL, a ferritin of 372 ng/mL, an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 124 mm/hr, and a c-reactive protein of 116 mg/L. A peripheral smear was negative for hemolysis or Maltese crosses suggestive of babesiosis. EKG and imaging studies were unremarkable. On admission, he was started empirically on doxycycline for presumed tick-borne illness without coverage for babesiosis due to the negative peripheral smear and hemolysis labs. Over the course of his hospitalization the patient's fatigue slowly improved and by follow up one week later he was completely asymptomatic. His Lyme and anaplasma titers both returned positive. IMPACT: Rates of co-infection with babesiosis and anaplasmosis range from 4-28 percent in endemic regions of the United States. Lyme disease is a tick-borne illness transmitted by the Ixodes scapularis tick in Eastern and North Central regions of North America. I. scapularis is also the vector for Babesia microti and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Those who are co-infected have similar clinical manifestations including malaise, fever, myalgias, and arthral-gias, but can have more prolonged courses and severe symptoms. DISCUSSION: Our patient presented with non-specific malaise, a largely unremarkable physical exam and an isolated anemia without any evidence of hemolysis. Babesiosis may cause hemolysis and anaplasmosis may cause leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated transaminases. Typically patients present with the rash of erythema migrans without remembering a tick bite, however the rash is only present in 80% of cases. Absence of rash and unusually severe rheumatic complaints should not decrease the suspicion for tick-borne illnesses under otherwise typical circumstances. Serologic testing was warranted due to the absence of an erythema migrans rash, and a history of travel to an endemic region with possible exposure to multiple tick-borne illnesses. Empiric therapy is indicated while definitive testing is pending