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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention yesterday issued the first guidelines for school administrators and health officials in determining what to do if a student has SARS, the mysterious respiratory disease. Students who have been exposed to SARS and who do not have fever, cough, sneezing or other respiratory symptoms should be allowed to attend school, but should be vigilant for onset of symptoms of SARS, the federal health agency said. The guidelines say that an individual with symptoms that do not progress to meet the case definition of SARS within 72 hours of onset of the initial symptoms can return to school or work. To be classified as a case of SARS, a patient must have a fever of 100.4 degrees or higher and symptoms like a dry cough

Health officials in Hong Kong and Singapore have warned their citizens that the agent that causes a mysterious respiratory disease has spread so far in their communities that it would be hard to bring under control anytime soon, if ever. 'Singaporeans must be psychologically prepared for the problem to stay with us for some time,' said Lee Hsien Loong, Singapore's deputy prime minister. Hong Kong and Singapore officials began emphasizing new measures to slow the spread of the disease, known as severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS. But they backed away from suggestions that they may be able to get rid of it completely. The World Health Organization, however, remained cautiously optimistic that the disease could be kept in check. Dr. Leung Pak-yin, the Hong Kong deputy director of health, said that residents should be concerned that the disease could be spread through contaminated objects, particularly if their apartment buildings developed large numbers of cases. 'We believe that every citizen could become a carrier of the virus,' especially if people do not follow practices like hand washing and the wearing of face masks, he said. The cause of SARS is unknown but officials are almost certain that it is a virus, and they strongly suspect that the culprit is a previously unknown member of the coronavirus family. Epidemiologists have traced most SARS cases to close person-to-person contact. That finding initially led officials to believe that they could break the SARS chain by isolating patients and their contacts and by requiring health workers to use standard infection control measures in caring for patients

The disease is known as SARS, for severe acute respiratory disease, and its cause is unknown. The United States cases in which SARS has been passed from one person to another, secondary transmission, have occurred since early March, with the most recent a few days ago, and all meet the case definition of suspect SARS cases, Dr. James M. Hughes, a top C.D.C. official, said. Dr. Hughes said the reason the C.D.C. had not reported that it had local or community transmission was that it uses a different definition. For the C.D.C., secondary transmission that occurs in a hospital or household setting where it might be expected does not constitute community transmission that has to be reported to W.H.O., Dr. Hughes said. W.H.O. and C.D.C. officials have said that most transmission of SARS has occurred in hospital and household settings, although there is suspicion that the agent that causes SARS can be spread through contaminated objects

In recent days epidemiologists have been unable to trace a number of SARS outbreaks in hotels, hospitals and apartment complexes in Hong Kong, Singapore and China to such person-to-person spread. Because of that, many health officials have become increasingly suspicious that the disease can be spread through contaminated objects like door knobs, water and sewage, as well as by person-to-person contact. Hong Kong officials also have theorized that insects like cockroaches could spread the disease, perhaps by tracking contaminated sewage from apartment to apartment. Experts think that SARS is largely spread through droplets exhaled by dry coughs. There are two distinct ways in which coughing can spread viral diseases: droplet or airborne transmission. In droplet transmission, the infective material is coughed or sneezed out of a patient's airway surrounded by a bit of moisture. The particles are too large to travel more than about three feet, and so relatively close, face-to-face contact is required for transmission to take place through the air. But the viruses may also persist on inanimate objects, and people can become infected from touching contaminated surfaces. Masks, gloves and frequent hand washing can sharply reduce droplet transmission. To help determine whether seemingly healthy people can spread the SARS agent, Hong Kong is conducting a number of studies involving the hundreds of people in isolation here because they had contact with a SARS patient

Epidemiologists have traced most SARS cases to close person-to- person contact. That finding initially led officials to believe that they could break the SARS chain by isolating patients and their contacts and by requiring health workers to use standard infection control measures in caring for patients. Such measures, including frequent handwashing and wearing masks, gloves, gowns and goggles, have worked in most places. If SARS can be spread by insects or objects or healthy human carriers, containing its spread would be much more difficult. The fear is that in short time SARS could become yet another on the long list of diseases that are a fixture in many areas. To help determine whether seemingly healthy people can spread the SARS agent, Hong Kong is conducting a number of studies involving the hundreds of people in isolation here because they had contact with a SARS patient

In recent days epidemiologists have been unable to trace a number of SARS outbreaks in hotels, hospitals and apartment complexes in Hong Kong, Singapore and China to such person-to- person spread. Because of that, many health officials have become increasingly suspicious that the disease can be spread through contaminated objects such as door knobs, water and sewage, as well as by person to person contact. Hong Kong officials also have theorized that insects such as cockroaches could spread the disease, perhaps by tracking contaminated sewage from apartment to apartment

Epidemiologists have traced most cases to close person-to-person contact. But they have been unable to trace a number of SARS outbreaks in hotels, hospitals and apartment complexes in Hong Kong, Singapore and China to personal contact. That has made health officials increasingly suspicious that the disease can also be spread through contaminated objects such as doorknobs, or through water and sewage. Hong Kong officials also have theorized that cockroaches could track contaminated sewage from apartment to apartment. In other developments, panicky residents and some medical personnel in Thailand blocked the cremation of a Hong Kong man who had died of SARS. They were afraid that the virus would spread through the smoke. With tens of thousands of soldiers based in Asia, the U.S. military is shoring up its defenses against SARS by restricting travel to affected areas and encouraging personnel to avoid crowds and wash their hands frequently. In Singapore, military personnel can get clinical masks to wear

The man had been exposed to the disease in mid-March when he was an outpatient at the Scarborough Grace Hospital in Toronto, where the initial outbreak of SARS in Canada occurred. But officials did not think he had SARS until after the man's funeral last Thursday, after members of his family started coming down with the disease

This article was reported by Elisabeth Rosenthal, Keith Bradsher, Lawrence K. Altman, Clifford Krauss, Donald G. McNeil Jr. and Amy Harmon and written by Denise Grady. *** Last November in Foshan, a small industrial city in Guangdong Province in southern China, a businessman became desperately ill with an unusual type of pneumonia. Doctors could not identify the germ that was making him sick. Ominously, although pneumonia is not usually very contagious, the four health workers who treated him also fell gravely ill with the same disease. Now, scientists say, the Foshan businessman appears to have had the earliest known case of severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, which has since become an international epidemic. As of Saturday, 2,416 people in 20 countries were reported to have contracted the disease, and 89 had died. The overwhelming majority of cases were in mainland China, with 1,220, and Hong Kong, with 800. The cause of the disease is unknown, but scientists suspect it is a new coronavirus, from a family of highly changeable viruses that until now have been known to cause only more minor illnesses in people, like colds and diarrhea. SARS was brewing in Guangdong Province for months but was not revealed by the Chinese government until February, when Beijing began reporting cases to the World Health Organization. The Foshan businessman's case was disclosed just last week, when Chinese officials finally agreed to open their casebooks and hospitals to international specialists. The businessman recovered, but Chinese officials have not discussed what happened to those who took care of him, nor have they said where or how he might have contracted the disease. The rest of the world did not know much about SARS until March 15, when the WHO issued an alert calling the disease a 'worldwide health threat.' Since then, fear of SARS has led many countries and corporations to halt tourism and business travel to China, Hong Kong, Vietnam and Singapore, decisions that are expected to cost the region billions of dollars. Efforts to control the disease in Hong Kong appeared to be making headway last week, but the progress may have been short-lived, as cases jumped sharply over the weekend. There were 42 new cases reported Sunday, up from 39 on Saturday and 27 on Friday. The new cases included doctors and nurses. Two women, aged 68 and 71, died, bringing the number of deaths in Hong Kong to 22. Health experts say it is too soon to tell whether SARS will turn into a global wildfire or cool down. But scientists insist that the disease must be treated as an urgent public health threat. What worries epidemiologists is that SARS can spread rapidly through the air, via coughing and sneezing, and its death rate of 3 percent to 4 percent is significant, particularly because healthy people are among those who have died. People of all ages, from children to the elderly, have caught SARS. The illness typically starts like any other acute respiratory infection: with a fever, chills, headache, malaise and dry cough. Chest X-rays tend to show what doctors call 'atypical pneumonia' in a lower lobe of a lung. In the following days, a victim may develop difficulty breathing as the pneumonia spreads to another lobe. About five to seven days after onset, the symptoms improve in about 80 percent to 90 percent of patients and worsen in the remainder. Many of the sickest patients require intensive care, some to the point of being connected to a respirator. Why some people improve and others die is not known

While SARS has spread easily to health workers in China and Hong Kong, Dr. [Julie L. Gerberding] said the patterns have been different in the United States. In this country, only three health workers appear to have contracted SARS from patients. One important reason is that hospitals quickly put isolation precautions in place after the W.H.O. issued a global health alert on March 15. Dr. [David L. Heymann], the W.H.O. communicable disease expert, said an unusual cluster of 29 SARS cases in Singapore was ''particularly worrisome'' because its source was unknown. Singapore health officials classified 4 cases as probable and 25 as suspected; all were health workers from two wards of one hospital where there had been no known SARS cases. The clustering seems to have occurred on March 29. Dr. Heymann said his agency was concerned about that finding because it would be highly unusual for so many workers to have caught SARS from one patient on the same day. No SARS patient was transferred to the new hospital from another one that had cared for earlier cases, Dr. Heymann said