Faculty Bibliography

It was not clear whether Mr. [Nelson Mandela]'s criticism was meant to include his successor, Thabo Mbeki, who has been faulted for impeding many efforts to test and treat people in South Africa for H.I.V., the virus that causes AIDS. When Mr. Mandela closed the last AIDS conference in Durban, South Africa, in 2000, he said the world could not afford to be distracted by the furor surrounding Mr. Mbeki, who at the time questioned whether H.I.V. caused AIDS. Mr. [Bill Clinton] said in an interview on Thursday that he regretted not having done more about AIDS as president. Today, he said he is making AIDS his main interest as he seeks to raise money for the International AIDS Trust, of which he is cochairman with Mr. Mandela

Bill Clinton said at an international AIDS conference here tonight that he regretted not having done more about AIDS while he was president and that he had erred in not supporting needle exchange programs to prevent spread of the virus among drug users. In an interview with reporters after a session of the 14th International AIDS Conference, Mr. Clinton also urged leaders in Africa, the Caribbean and Asia, regions hit hard by AIDS, to speak out forcefully and develop plans to stop the spread of H.I.V., the virus that causes the syndrome. Mr. Clinton was attending the conference as part of a panel of current and former heads of state, the first such event at an AIDS conference. He said that although many political leaders had been afraid to take a strong stand on AIDS, ''not a single one of them will be defeated for doing the right thing in this area.''

The report was issued jointly by the United Nations program on AIDS; by Unicef, the United Nations children's fund; and by the United States Agency for International Development with statistical assistance from the Census Bureau. Officials from the agencies said theirs was the first unified effort to provide a consistent set of figures and was the most comprehensive report on children orphaned by H.I.V., the virus that causes AIDS. If the epidemic had not occurred, orphan rates would be declining in Africa, according to the report. In fact, the report estimates, the number of orphans from all causes will remain stable in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean over the next decade, at the current level of 107 million. But in Africa, the overall number of orphans is expected to rise, to 42 million, from 34.3 million today. The United Nations has said that the virus is spreading so rapidly in many areas that 45 million people will become infected by 2010 if anti-H.I.V. therapy is not made widely available soon. Forty million people around the world are now infected, and an estimated 20 million people have died of AIDS-related causes

[Tommy G. Thompson], surrounded by security agents, resumed speaking. But the protesters began jeering again, calling on the Bush administration to support programs advocating safer sex and offering needle exchanges, provide more money for AIDS drugs and give billions more to a global AIDS fund. At this conference, international AIDS leaders such as Peter Piot, an assistant director general of the United Nations and head of its AIDS program, have been urging the public to demand greater accountability from their governments for not doing more to stop the epidemic. On Sunday, Ronald O. Valdiserri, a senior AIDS official at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, called on Americans 'to revive the passion with which the U.S. once faced the HIV epidemic.' Later, Thompson talked with 10 protesters for about a half-hour in a meeting arranged before their demonstrations, said Tony Jewell, a spokesman for Thompson

As Mr. [Tommy G. Thompson], the chief of the American delegation here, began his speech this afternoon, about three dozen demonstrators from the audience -- mainly Americans from Act Up, a protest group -- marched onto the stage, blowing whistles and shouting through bullhorns, ''Shame! Shame!'' Mr. Thompson stopped talking until they retreated. It was a day of protests seldom seen since the early years of the AIDS epidemic, when advocates for AIDS patients chained themselves to doors of drug companies, squirted red liquid at scientists and heckled political leaders. A similar demonstration in 1990 prevented participants at the International AIDS Conference in San Francisco from hearing Dr. Louis W. Sullivan, who was secretary of health and human services in the last [Bush] administration. Dr. Sullivan was near the front of the room for Mr. Thompson's speech. At this conference, international AIDS leaders like Dr. Peter Piot, an assistant director general of the United Nations and chief of its AIDS program, have been urging the public to demand greater accountability from their governments in battling the epidemic. On Sunday, Dr. Ronald O. Valdiserri, a senior AIDS official at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, called on Americans ''to revive the passion with which the U.S. once faced the H.I.V. epidemic.''

BARCELONA, Spain - Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson was drowned out by jeering protesters who prevented an audience from hearing his address to the 14th International AIDS Conference here Tuesday. Thompson resumed speaking. But the protesters began jeering again, calling on the Bush administration to support safer sex and needle exchange programs, provide more money for AIDS drugs and give billions more to the Global AIDS Foundation

The rates of unawareness among minority gay men aged 15 to 29 were staggeringly high: of this group 90% of blacks, 70% of Hispanics and 60% of whites said they did not know they were infected with HIV, the AIDS virus. Disease centres officials, who are responsible for tracking the AIDS epidemic in the United States, said in the period 1994-2000, 55% of new HIV infections in 25 states were among blacks, who make up only 12% of the population in the United States. Presenting an overview of the AIDS epidemic in the United States, Dr. Ronald Valdiserri, an AIDS official at the disease centres, described a growing apathy about the HIV epidemic

The drug, T-20 or enfuvirtide, is a member of a new class of drugs called fusion inhibitors that attack H.I.V., the virus that causes AIDS. When added to combinations of standard drugs, injections of T-20 significantly reduced high levels of H.I.V. in the blood among patients who it had been documented were infected with resistant virus compared with those who took the standard drugs. Once started, lifetime treatment of H.I.V. is needed, AIDS experts say. But because the T-20 trials lasted 24 weeks, the long-term benefits and dangers of the drug are not known. So H.I.V. resistance to T-20 could eventually become a problem, Dr. [Anthony S. Fauci] and other AIDS experts said. T-20 blocks H.I.V.'s cell machinery at a site different from any of the standard anti-H.I.V. drugs. Existing anti-H.I.V. drugs disrupt enzymes in the virus; T-20 blocks the entry of H.I.V. into body cells. That entry, a process called fusion, releases the virus's genetic material and allows it to replicate

The drug, T-20 or enfuvirtide, is a member of a new class of drugs called fusion inhibitors that attack HIV. When added to combinations of standard drugs, injections of T-20 significantly reduced high levels of HIV in the blood among patients who were infected with resistant virus compared with those who took the standard drugs. The Food and Drug Administration has given T-20 fast-track designation. If licensed, T-20 would become the fifth class of anti- HIV drugs approved for standard use. Once started, lifetime treatment of HIV is needed, AIDS experts say. But because the T-20 trials lasted 24 weeks, the long-term benefits and dangers of the drug are not known. T-20 was developed by Trimeris and Roche from a discovery that Thomas Matthews and Dani Bolognesi made at Duke University in 1992