Faculty Bibliography

The World Bank said Monday that the AIDS epidemic is about to explode in China, India and Eastern Europe and threw its political and financial weight behind needle exchange, condom distribution and other prevention programs. In its first extensive report on AIDS, the World Bank said it was prepared to spend hundreds of millions of dollars in countries that will implement programs to help control the world epidemic that has infected 23 million people and killed 6 million others. The AIDS epidemic is increasing poverty and decreasing educational opportunities in the developing world, and, without aggressive prevention programs, the epidemic cannot be stopped, said Martha Ainsworth, a senior economist at the bank

The World Bank said today that the AIDS epidemic is about to explode in China, India and eastern Europe and threw its political and financial weight behind needle exchange, condom distribution and other prevention programs. The AIDS epidemic is increasing poverty and decreasing educational opportunities in the developing world, and without condom distribution, needle exchange and other prevention programs, the epidemic cannot be stopped, said Martha Ainsworth, a senior economist at the bank. The bank has spent $800 million on programs to control H.I.V., the AIDS virus, in developing countries since 1986 and will respond to demand from its member countries, said Richard G. A. Feachem, who oversees the bank's AIDS work. He said ''we would certainly double'' such funding but said no upper limit has been set for the amount of additional funds for such programs

AIDS is increasing poverty and decreasing educational opportunities in the developing world and, without condom distribution, needle exchange and other prevention programs, the epidemic cannot be stopped, said Martha Ainsworth, a senior economist at the bank and an author of the report. 'Failure to act now will cost millions of lives,' she told a news conference at the bank's Washington headquarters

The World Bank said Monday that the AIDS epidemic is about to explode in China, India and Eastern Europe and threw its political and financial weight behind needle exchanges, condom distribution and other prevention programs. In its first extensive report about AIDS, the bank said it was prepared to spend hundreds of millions of dollars in countries that will implement sound programs to help control the world epidemic, which has infected 23 million people and killed 6 million more. The AIDS epidemic is increasing poverty and decreasing educational opportunities in the developing world, said Martha Ainsworth, a senior economist at the bank. Without condom distribution, needle exchanges and other prevention programs, the epidemic cannot be stopped, she said

The World Bank said yesterday that the AIDS epidemic is about to explode in China, India and eastern Europe. In its first extensive report on AIDS, the bank said it was prepared to spend hundreds of millions of dollars in countries that will implement sound programs to help control the world epidemic that has infected 23 million people and killed 6 million more

The World Bank on Monday said the AIDS epidemic is about to explode in China, India and Eastern Europe and threw its political and financial weight behind needle exchange, condom distribution and other prevention programs. The AIDS epidemic is increasing poverty and decreasing educational opportunities in the developing world, and without condom distribution, needle exchange and other prevention programs, the epidemic cannot be stopped, said Martha Ainsworth, a senior economist at the bank

The World Bank said Monday that the AIDS epidemic is about to explode in China, India and eastern Europe and threw its political and financial weight behind needle exchange, condom distribution and other prevention programs. In its first extensive report on AIDS, the bank said it is prepared to spend hundreds of millions of dollars in countries that will implement sound programs to help control the world epidemic that has infected 23 million people and killed 6 million more. The AIDS epidemic is increasing poverty and decreasing educational opportunities in the developing world, and without condom distribution, needle exchange and other prevention programs, the epidemic cannot be stopped, said Martha Ainsworth, a senior economist at the bank

Thousands of articles on "noncompliance" have appeared since 1975. Yet the term has been criticized as paternalistic--as wrongly implying that patients should necessarily follow doctors' orders. This paper, which reviews how noncompliance has been constructed historically, argues that the problem with noncompliance is more than just one of terminology. Changing social and cultural factors during the 20th century have influenced the way in which uncooperative patients have been described. For example, resentment of poor immigrants in the early 1900s led doctors to describe tuberculosis patients who did not follow advice as "ignorant" and "vicious." Following World War II, patients who balked at taking new curative antibiotics for tuberculosis were called "recalcitrant." The term "noncompliance," popularized by Sackett and Haynes in the 1970s, reflected their early role in the field of research now termed "evidence-based medicine." While Sackett and Haynes had hoped that the new term would eschew earlier value judgments, noncompliance, through its association with the positivistic ethos of evidence-based medicine, has been conceptualized as a "tragic" problem potentially solvable by clinical research. Hence, noncompliant patients are still seen as deviant. With the growth of managed care in the United States, there is increasing pressure to get patients to follow medical recommendations. History suggests that labels such as "noncompliant" are invariably judgmental. Rather than seeing the provider's role as trying to get noncompliant patients to comply, we should emphasize the importance of negotiation and accommodation within the provider-patient relationship.