Faculty Bibliography

The intestinal secretory lineage is thought to comprise four distinct cell types derived from one Atoh1⁺ progenitor, but the mechanisms that distinguish Paneth and goblet cells are unclear. Bhattacharya et al.¹ argue that these cells are instead phenotypic manifestations of a common terminal Atoh1⁺ cell, actively shaped by niche-derived signals.

BACKGROUND:/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and selected for probe collection. RESULTS:This approach significantly reduced the amount of FFPE tissue needed for robust single population RNA-seq. We demonstrate ~20 identified L3 or L5 pyramidal neurons or one lamina-specific cortical ribbon from a single 5µm thick section is sufficient to generate robust RNA-seq reads. Bioinformatic analysis of neurons and ribbons showed notable similarities and differences reflective of the single neuron and multiple admixed cell types within the former and latter, respectively. Comparison with existing methods Protocols exist for DSP of postmortem human FFPE brain tissue. However, this new approach enables profiling small groups of ~14-21 pyramidal neurons using the GeoMx DSP platform. CONCLUSIONS:This optimized DSP assay provides high resolution RNA-seq data demonstrating utility and versatility of the GeoMx platform for individually characterized neurons and isolated cortical ribbons within postmortem FFPE human brain tissue for downstream analyses.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of full-length and truncated amyloid beta (Aβ) species within brain parenchyma and cerebral vessels. However, Aβ truncated species remain understudied. Here, we present a protocol for culture and characterization of a mouse monoclonal antibody targeting N-terminally truncated proteoforms starting at position 4. We describe a detailed procedure for hybridoma culture, antibody collection, and isolation via affinity chromatography. We then describe steps for target validation via dot blot, as well as potential applications. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Cabrera et al. and Rostagno et al.¹

BACKGROUND:Synovial fluid (SF) biomarkers demonstrate time-dependent variation after acute knee injury, and it is postulated that persistently elevated inflammatory markers may mediate worse long-term outcomes. PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:This study investigated the relationship between biomarkers in SF at the time of meniscectomy and long-term patient-reported outcomes in patients with acute versus chronic meniscal injuries. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS:This retrospective analysis included patients who underwent knee SF aspiration on the day of arthroscopic meniscectomy between October 2011 and October 2020 with minimum 4-year follow-up. SF aspirated from the operative knee was analyzed for 10 pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers. Patients completed the visual analog scale for pain, Lysholm Knee Questionnaire, Tegner Activity Scale, and Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-Physical Function Short-form (KOOS-PS) before surgery and at follow-up. Patients were categorized as having acute (<6 weeks) or chronic (>1 year) symptoms. K-means clustering analysis was performed using biomarker levels to group patients into distinct cohorts. RESULTS:= .020) than the low-inflammation cohort. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:In patients with chronic meniscal injury, those with a more proinflammatory SF biomarker profile at the time of meniscectomy had worse outcomes than those who had a low inflammatory profile. In acute meniscal injuries, most patients demonstrate a high inflammatory profile, which was not associated with a difference in long-term outcomes.

BACKGROUND:Endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR) is utilized to treat abdominal aortic aneurysms, while patients with short infrarenal necks can undergo fenestrated EVAR (FEVAR). Previous studies have demonstrated decreased aortic neck dilation for FEVAR compared to EVAR. Sac regression is a marker of success after EVAR; however, little is known regarding changes in sac volumetrics. This study compares aortic sac regression after EVAR versus FEVAR using volumetric analysis. METHODS:A retrospective review of prospectively collected data from 120 patients who underwent EVAR was performed. Thirty patients underwent FEVAR (Cook Medical Inc, Bloomington, IN) and 90 patients underwent EVAR (30 each with Endurant [Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland], Excluder [Gore, Flagstaff, AZ], and Zenith [Cook]). Demographic data were analyzed. Using 3-dimensional reconstruction software, preoperative and postoperative aneurysm sac volumes were measured, in addition to aneurysm characteristics. RESULTS:, P = 0.005). EVAR patients had greater number of lumbar arteries (7.26 ± 1.68 vs. 5.31 ± 1.93, P < 0.000001). On postoperative follow-up, FEVAR cases had greater sac regression compared to standard EVAR (-22.75 ± 25.7% vs. -5.98 ± 19.66%, P = 0.00031). The percentage of sac regression was greater when measured by volume compared to maximum diameter for FEVAR (-22.75 ± 25.7% vs. -13.90 ± 15.4%, P = 0.01) but not EVAR (-5.98 ± 19.7% vs. -4.51 ± 15.2%, P = 0.246). Those in the top tertile of percent volume of thrombus (>48.5%) were more likely to experience greater than 10% sac regression by volume (55% vs. 33.3%, P = 0.015). On multivariate analysis, FEVAR was associated with sac regression greater than 10% by volume (odds ratio [OR] 4.325, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.346-13.901, P = 0.014), while endoleak (OR 0.162, 95% CI 0.055-0.479, P < 0.001) and 2 patent hypogastric arteries (OR 0.066, 95% CI 0.005-0.904, P = 0.042) were predictive against. CONCLUSIONS:Fenestrated EVAR is associated with greater sac regression compared to EVAR on volumetric analysis. This difference may be attributable to decreased endotension within the aneurysm resulting from less aortic neck dilatation, while the greater proportion of thrombus may be a protective factor from growth. Patients being evaluated for EVAR with borderline neck anatomy should be considered for FEVAR given increased sac regression.

Uncontrolled activation of the rat sarcoma (RAS)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway drives tumor growth, often because of oncogenic BRAF mutations. BRAF regulation, involving monomeric autoinhibition and activation by dimerization, has been intensely scrutinized, but mechanisms enabling oncogenic mutants to evade regulation remain unclear. By using cryo-electron microscopy, we solved the three-dimensional structures of the three oncogenic BRAF mutant classes, including the common V600E variant. These mutations disrupted wild-type BRAF's autoinhibited state, mediated by interactions between the cysteine-rich domain and kinase domain, thereby shifting the kinase domain into a preactivated conformation. This structural change likely results from helix αC displacement. PLX8394, a BRAF inhibitor that stabilizes helix αC in an inactive conformation, restored the autoinhibited conformation of oncogenic BRAF, explaining the properties of this class of compounds.

Heart failure (HF) often coexists with cancer. Beyond the known cardiotoxicity of some cancer treatments, HF itself has been associated with increased cancer incidence. The 2 conditions share common risk factors, mechanisms, and interactions that can worsen patient outcomes. The bidirectional relationship between HF and cancer presents a complex interplay of factors that are not fully understood. Recent preclinical evidence suggests that HF may promote tumor growth via the release of protumorigenic factors from the injured heart, revealing HF as a potentially protumorigenic condition. Our review discusses the biological crosstalk between HF and cancer, emphasizing the impact of HF on tumor growth, with inflammation, and modulating the immune system as central mechanisms. We further explore the clinical implications of this connection and propose future research directions. Understanding the mechanistic overlap and interactions between HF and cancer could lead to new biomarkers and therapies, addressing the growing prevalence of both conditions and enhancing approaches to diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.

Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) inhibits lipases that hydrolyze triglycerides (TGs) in TG-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). We evaluated TRL-TGs, TRL particle (apolipoprotein B), palmitate, and glucose kinetics during a mixed-meal test that included intravenous and oral tracer administrations in people with extremely rare compound heterozygous ANGTPL3 loss-of-function mutations (ANGPTL3^-/- group, n = 3) and matched control participants (n = 7). Multi-organ (liver, muscle, and adipose tissue) insulin sensitivity was evaluated with a two-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp procedure and glucose and palmitate tracer infusions. We find that plasma TG and TRL particle concentrations are more than 10-fold lower in the ANGPTL3^-/- than in the control group due to both markedly reduced liver-derived TRL particle and TG secretion rates combined with increased plasma clearance of both liver- and gut-derived TRLs. Palmitate and glucose kinetics during the meal test are not different between the groups. We conclude that the biological function of ANGPTL3 reaches beyond inhibiting intravascular lipase activity.

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by the expansion of the polyglutamine stretch in huntingtin protein (HTT) resulting in hallmark aggresomes/inclusion bodies (IBs) composed of mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) and its fragments. Stimulating autophagy to enhance mHTT clearance is considered a potential therapeutic strategy for HD. Our recent evaluation of the autophagic-lysosomal pathway (ALP) in human HD brain reveals upregulated lysosomal biogenesis and relatively normal autophagy flux in early Vonsattel grade brains, but impaired autolysosome clearance in late grade brains, suggesting that autophagy stimulation could have therapeutic benefits as an early clinical intervention. Here, we tested this hypothesis by crossing the Q175 HD knock-in model with our autophagy reporter mouse TRGL (Thy-1-RFP-GFP-LC3) to investigate in vivo neuronal ALP dynamics. In the Q175 and/or TRGL/Q175 mice, mHTT was detected in autophagic vacuoles and also exhibited a high level of colocalization with autophagy receptors p62/SQSTM1 and ubiquitin in the IBs. Compared to the robust lysosomal pathology in late-stage human HD striatum, ALP alterations in Q175 models are also late-onset but milder, that included a lowered phospho-p70S6K level, lysosome depletion, and autolysosome elevation including more poorly acidified autolysosomes and larger-sized lipofuscin granules, reflecting impaired autophagic flux. Administration of a mTOR inhibitor to 6-mo-old TRGL/Q175 normalized lysosome number, ameliorated aggresome pathology while reducing mHTT-, p62-, and ubiquitin-immunoreactivities, suggesting the beneficial potential of autophagy modulation at early stages of disease progression.

BACKGROUND:Plakophilin-2 (PKP2) is a component of the desmosome. Pathogenic variants can lead to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (PKP2-ACM). In PKP2-ACM patients, exercise and catecholamine surges negatively impact arrhythmia incidence and severity. OBJECTIVE:To characterize remodeling of the sympathetic input and adrenergic response in hearts of PKP2-deficient mice (PKP2cKO) subjected to endurance exercise. METHODS:transient dynamics. Separately, we evaluated distribution of sympathetic terminals in PKP2cKO trained hearts vs controls. RESULTS:Exercise led to increased abundance of sarcolemma β1-ARs in control, and decreased abundance in PKP2cKO-myocytes. OCT3 knockdown drastically reduced the response of trained PKP2cKO-myocytes to norepinephrine but not isoproterenol, indicating preserved response to native catecholamines by intracellular (dyad-associated) receptors in the setting of a reduced sarcolemma pool. In tissue, we observed reduced abundance of sympathetic terminals, and heterogeneous distribution across the myocardium. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Endurance exercise in PKP2-deficient myocytes leads to reduced pool of functional β1-ARs in the sarcolemma and yet availability of intracellular receptors, which can activate selected (and heterogeneous) routes of intracellular signaling cascades. We speculate that remodeling of nerve terminals affects sympathetic input distribution and hence, regional modulation of excitability and conduction. These changes can facilitate cell-generated triggered activity and heterogeneity of the underlying substrate, setting the stage for life-threatening arrhythmias.