Faculty Bibliography

OBJECTIVE:The present study examined the role of racism-based traumatic stress (RBTS) symptoms (i.e., traumatic stress reactions in direct response to experiences of racial discrimination) and suicide-related risk in a national sample of U.S. Black and Latine adolescents. METHOD/METHODS:= 1.64). Logistic regression analyses were used to test the association between RBTS symptoms and past-year suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts, accounting for conventional and racism-based potentially traumatic exposures (PTEs) and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. RESULTS:= .73. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:RBTS symptoms may be relevant in identifying suicide-related risk, particularly suicide attempts, among Black and Latine adolescents. While these findings provide insights into the relationship between RBTS and suicide-related risk, the cross-sectional design limits causal inference, and the use of a convenience sample may limit generalizability to the broader Black and Latine populations. Tailored interventions that address the nuanced effects of racial trauma on suicide risk are needed among youth of color. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Over the past decade, mental health problems have disproportionately increased among U.S. ethnoracially minoritized college students, though explanations for this disparity remain understudied. In the present study, we examined the direct and indirect associations between online racial/ethnic discrimination, suicidal ideation (SI), and alcohol misuse. We also investigated whether internalized racism helps explain the association between online racial/ethnic discrimination (i.e., individual or vicarious exposures) and SI and alcohol misuse. Lastly, we examined the moderating role of ethnic identity dimensions (i.e., exploration and commitment) in this indirect association. Participants included 494 ethnoracially minoritized college students ages 18-30 years (M = 19.62, SD = 2.08; 79% female; 60% Latine; 83% U.S.-born) from the U.S. who completed an online survey. Findings revealed that online racial/ethnic discrimination (i.e., individual and vicarious exposures) was directly associated with increased SI and alcohol misuse. The indirect association of online racial/ethnic discrimination (i.e., individual and vicarious) on SI via internalized racism was statistically significant. These indirect associations, however, were not observed with alcohol misuse. Ethnic identity commitment moderated the indirect association of vicarious, though not individual, online racial/ethnic discrimination on SI via internalized racism. These findings underscore the impact of online racial/ethnic discrimination on ethnoracially minoritized college students' mental health, identify internalized racism as a potential pathway through which this type of discrimination may confer risk for SI, as well as ethnic identity commitment as a potential protective factor that may buffer these harmful effects.

BACKGROUND:Abnormalities in Autonomic Nervous System activity are well described in psychosis but their peripheral versus CNS origins remains unresolved. However, the purely peripheral component of the sudomotor sweat reflex can be quantified using the Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test (Q-SWEAT), in which local postganglionic fibers are stimulated by applying acetylcholine to the skin. METHOD/METHODS:This study assessed Q-SWEAT, psychiatric symptoms (PANSS; HAMD) and cognition (MATRICS) in 33 participants with psychosis, 17 with nonpsychotic affective disorders, and 23 healthy controls. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, GENLIN ordinal logistic regression, and Spearman correlations. RESULTS:(2)=9.75, p = 0.008). Specifically, the psychosis group was 5.37-fold more likely to have sudomotor dysfunction compared to healthy controls (95% CI 1.86, 15.45) and this remained significant when controlling for anticholinergic burden. The NP-affective group did not differ from those with psychosis or healthy controls. Across the overall sample, sudomotor dysfunction was significantly associated with greater cognitive impairment and increased psychiatric symptom severity. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS:This first of its kind study shows abnormal sudomotor sweat reflexes in psychosis are independent of CNS input and not fully explained by anticholinergic medications but are associated with symptoms and cognition. We propose that muscarinic M3 acetylcholine receptors, which occur in eccrine sweat glands and in the CNS, may be relevant, although microvascular and inflammatory pathologies can impact the PNS and CNS. Sudomotor dysfunction could also underlie the abnormal thermoregulation in psychosis. More research is needed to confirm and extend these observations implicating a novel biomarker for psychosis.

OBJECTIVE:The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2) are widely regarded as gold-standard instruments for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, evidence for their diagnostic accuracy in naturalistic clinical settings remains limited among children and adolescents. We assessed their accuracy, individually and in combination, within a real-world clinical sample aged 6-25 years without intellectual disability (ID). METHOD/METHODS:This retrospective study analyzed 798 participants referred for ASD assessment, reflecting high diagnostic prevalence typical of specialized settings: 336/415 children/early adolescents and 353/383 late adolescents received a final ASD diagnosis. Diagnostic accuracy of both instruments and their combination ('OR-rule' and 'AND-rule') was assessed against a multidisciplinary consensus clinical diagnosis. RESULTS:The ADI-R showed fair specificity in children and adolescents (82.3% and 86.7%) but poor sensitivity (51.2% and 43.9%). Conversely, the ADOS-2 demonstrated fair sensitivity (89.6% and 80.5%) but poor specificity (50.6% and 66.7%). Allowing diagnosis by either ADOS-2 or ADI-R increased sensitivity at the cost of more false positives, while requiring criteria on both instruments increased specificity at the cost of more false negatives. Exploratory analyses indicated reduced diagnostic accuracy of the two instruments in adolescents and poorer ADI-R accuracy in children with higher IQs, and in female adolescents. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:The ADI-R and ADOS-2, alone or combined, did not achieve clinically acceptable levels of both sensitivity and specificity. Their combination nonetheless supports context-dependent trade-offs between sensitivity and specificity, helping clinicians prioritize either case detection or avoidance of false positives. In conclusion, while the ADI-R and ADOS-2 are valuable assessment tools for individuals without ID, they cannot replace integrated expert clinical judgment.

OBJECTIVE:Interest in psychedelic medicine is increasing, yet psychiatry trainees report limited education in this area. The authors developed a standardized curriculum and evaluated its impact on trainee knowledge and attitudes toward psychedelic medicines. METHODS:A 6-h psychedelic medicine course was delivered across four psychiatry residency programs in the Northeast United States in 2025-2026. The curriculum included six modules covering foundational concepts and evidence, as well as clinical considerations. Anonymous pre- and post-course surveys assessed knowledge, interest, and confidence in counseling. Statistical comparisons were used to evaluate pre-post changes. RESULTS:Forty trainees participated across institutions; 34 completed a pre-course survey and 22 completed a post-course survey. Most trainees reported minimal prior didactic exposure to psychedelic medicine. Self-assessed knowledge as well as scores on a knowledge quiz improved significantly following the course. Self-rated understanding of both the rationale for psychedelic treatments and limitations of evidence increased. Most substantially, confidence in counseling patients about clinical research, harm reduction, and treatment risks improved across domains. Baseline interest in psychedelic medicine was high at the start of the course and did not change significantly following its completion. CONCLUSIONS:A multi-site curriculum in psychedelic medicine was associated with increased knowledge and counseling confidence in trainees. The curriculum did not significantly impact interest or plans to pursue opportunities in psychedelic medicine, suggesting the course did not overinflate enthusiasm for the field. Standardized curricula in residency education may help address gaps in psychiatric training as clinicians increasingly encounter questions about these emerging treatments.

BACKGROUND/UNASSIGNED:Adolescence is a period of heightened risk for psychopathology. Recent studies suggest shared neural correlates across psychiatric disorders in brain networks involved in emotional and cognitive processes. However, the visual network-crucial for extracting and processing emotional information-has received less attention. Here, using a transdiagnostic approach, we focus on the visual network to investigate how youth with psychopathology represent and differentiate between emotional face categories during a cognitively demanding task, for which emotional content is irrelevant. METHODS/UNASSIGNED:= 4952 after quality control). Symptoms of psychopathology were based on the Child Behavior Checklist. Participants performed an emotional n-back task in the scanner. Representational similarity analysis was performed to examine dissimilarities in neural representations between emotional categories in functional brain networks. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:< .001), and predicted symptoms a year later. CONCLUSIONS/UNASSIGNED:Using a transdiagnostic approach, we showed that the distinctiveness in neural representations of task-irrelevant emotional information in the visual cortex is positively correlated with psychopathology. Together, our findings suggest the importance of the visual network and early visual areas in understanding neural mechanisms of emotional processing in youth with psychopathology.

IMPORTANCE/UNASSIGNED:The terms neurodivergence and neurodiversity are increasingly used across mental health and broader clinical literature, as well as in clinical practice, clinical service commissioning, and policy contexts, despite their lack of clinical and diagnostic specificity. OBJECTIVE/UNASSIGNED:To quantitively map clinical diagnoses associated with the terms neurodivergence and neurodiversity in the empirical mental health literature through a scoping review conducted with experts with lived experience . EVIDENCE REVIEW/UNASSIGNED:Following JBI methods and the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and PsycINFO were searched up to August 1, 2025, and identified 134 studies including 151 134 participants that recruited participants defined as neurodivergent or neurodiverse. FINDINGS/UNASSIGNED:Participants were primarily identified through self-reported diagnoses (n = 56 [41.8%]) or self-identification (n = 50 [37.3%]). A heterogeneous range of diagnoses was associated with neurodivergence and neurodiversity, most commonly autism (n = 92 [68.7%]), followed by ADHD (n = 86 [64.2%]), dyslexia (n = 44 [32.8%]), dyspraxia (n = 21 [15.7%]), anxiety disorder (n = 20 [14.9%]), and dyscalculia (n = 17 [12.7%]). Notably, 29 studies (21.6%) did not specify any clinical diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE/UNASSIGNED:While neurodivergence and neurodiversity are valuable for capturing lived experience, their lack of specificity may introduce substantial heterogeneity in research focused on clinical categories. These findings suggest prioritizing precise diagnostic descriptors in clinical practice and research involving clinically defined conditions, while reserving neurodivergent for studies and contexts focused on self-identification and identity.

We present here the first bottom-up review of the lived experience of trans persons, co-written by experts by experience and academics. We sourced the medical and non-medical literature, focusing on first-person narratives, and critically extracted experiential themes, which were reviewed and appraised in collaborative workshops and eventually shared through a cloud-based system. Numerous experts by experience and academics from diverse gender, ethnic and cultural backgrounds were involved in the above steps and co-wrote the paper. The four overarching themes were: a) the lived experience of trans persons, b) the lived experience of gender affirmation, c) the experience of trans persons in the social and cultural context, and d) the lived experience of receiving care and support. The lived experience of trans persons is characterized by a rich diversity of gender identity experiences, which include identifying as male or female, or simultaneously as male and female and other genders, or as gender fluid. The first-person narratives indicate that common experiences may be of discovering an uncertain gender identity and feeling in the wrong body, together with some degree of mind-body disconnection. However, many trans individuals may feel satisfied with their bodies and identities. The lived experience of gender affirmation includes a process of searching for a bodily and mental redefinition of the self and - at times - fighting oneself to accept one's gender identity. Gender affirmation involves changes in the body to communicate the lived gender identity, as well as behavioral changes. The first-person narrative also highlights the emotional impact of gender affirmation, including the restoration of a sense of self, experiencing a strong emotional reaction to gender-affirming care, and, in a few cases, deciding to stop or reverse gender affirmation. The experience of trans persons in the social and cultural context can be characterized by an initial attempt to hide one's gender identity. This may be followed by coming out to others and wanting to be recognized by others in their lived gender. Exposure to high levels of transphobia, institutional discrimination and violence are commonly shared experiences. These include feeling wrong and dehumanized, pressured to "pass" as females or males, and suffering misgendering, deadnaming and verbal microaggressions. These experiences are frequently amplified by institutional discrimination and emotional, physical and sexual abuse. While some trans persons may struggle with family acceptance, others experience family and kinship structures as a safe base that provides support. Similarly, friends and romantic relationships may be experienced as sources of rejection or instead of happiness, resilience and restoration. The lived experience of seeking help and receiving general health care and support may be characterized by feeling rejected, disvalued and objectivized, but in other cases validated and cared for. Trans persons may feel lost in the maze of gender-affirming care and challenged when receiving a gender dysphoria diagnosis, although others experience a sense of relief. Mental health care may be feared, as individuals feel vulnerable and exposed, and regard it as a gatekeeping to receive gender-affirming care. In other cases, it is experienced as restorative and truly healing. The narratives provided in this paper have high educational and social value, informing medical and psychological practices and research as well as public health approaches, and promoting anti-discrimination policies and social change. This study gives voice to the lived experience of trans persons to overcome stigma and allow us to fully understand the varied nature of our gender expression and identity.

IMPORTANCE/UNASSIGNED:Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses are rising, yet distinctions between those diagnosed in childhood or adolescence vs adulthood remain underexplored. OBJECTIVES/UNASSIGNED:To characterize differences in demographic, clinical, and genetic profiles between adults with ADHD diagnosed in childhood or adolescence (youth-diagnosed) vs adulthood (adult-diagnosed), and to compare the profile of each group with that from matched individuals without ADHD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS/UNASSIGNED:This cross-sectional, multicenter study used data collected in the All of Us Research Program, a nationwide US cohort integrating clinical and genetic data, from June 2017 to September 2023. Analyses were performed between July and December 2025. Participants were adults who self-reported an ADHD diagnosis, dichotomized by age at first diagnosis into youth-diagnosed (0-17 years) and adult-diagnosed (≥18 years) ADHD groups. Each ADHD group was independently matched 1:2 via propensity scores to controls without ADHD on age, sex, race and ethnicity, educational attainment, and income. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES/UNASSIGNED:The primary outcomes were self-reported psychiatric or somatic co-occurring conditions, measures of functional impairment (general health and daily functioning), and ADHD polygenic risk scores. RESULTS/UNASSIGNED:Of 13 527 adults with ADHD, 3853 (28.5%; mean [SD] age, 34.8 [11.5] years; 71.5% female) were youth-diagnosed and 9674 (71.5%; mean [SD] age, 43.8 [14.3] years; 75.3% female) adult-diagnosed. Adult-diagnosed individuals were older and had higher educational attainment (eg, 548 [14.2%] vs 2690 [27.8%] for advanced degree) and annual household income (eg, 364 [9.4%] vs 1407 [14.5%] for $100 001-$150 000). Adjusting for age and sex, adult- versus youth-diagnosed ADHD was associated with lower adjusted probabilities of most psychiatric comorbidities (8 of 9 conditions) with the largest absolute differences for posttraumatic stress disorder (-7.50 [95% CI, -9.25 to -5.88] percentage points [pp]), bipolar disorder (-7.44 [95% CI, -8.99 to -6.00] pp), and personality disorder (-4.78 [95% CI, -5.89 to -3.81] pp). For somatic conditions (6 of 9 categories), the largest absolute differences were for lung conditions (-7.88 [95% CI, -9.73 to -5.79] pp), digestive conditions (-7.27 [95% CI, -9.12 to -5.28] pp), and bone, joint, and muscle conditions (-7.00 [95% CI, -8.78 to -5.20] pp). For impairment in overall health and daily functioning (7 of 9 measures), the largest absolute differences were for physical health (-3.63 [95% CI, -4.83 to -2.44] pp), being bothered by emotional problems in the past 7 days (-2.51 [95% CI, -3.79 to -1.24] pp), and general health (-2.26 [95% CI, -3.40 to -1.18] pp). Compared with their matched controls without ADHD, both ADHD groups showed markedly higher probability differences of comorbid psychiatric (eg, for depression, 39.33 [95% CI, 38.19-40.48] pp for adult-diagnosed ADHD and 36.92 [95% CI, 35.05-38.83] pp for youth-diagnosed ADHD) and somatic (eg, for brain and nervous system conditions, 21.86 [95% CI, 20.64-22.93] pp for adult-diagnosed ADHD and 22.84 [95% CI, 21.05-24.83] pp for youth-diagnosed ADHD) conditions, and functional impairments (eg, for bothered by emotional problems past 7 days, 6.11 [95% CI, 5.45-6.80] pp for adult-diagnosed ADHD and 7.29 [95% CI, 5.99-8.60] pp for youth-diagnosed ADHD). ADHD polygenic risk scores were lower in adult- vs youth-diagnosed groups (Cohen d, -0.17 [95% CI, -0.21 to -0.12]) and higher in youth-diagnosed (Cohen d, 0.21 [95% CI, 0.16-0.26]) and adult-diagnosed (Cohen d, 0.12 [95% CI, 0.09-0.15]) groups compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE/UNASSIGNED:In this cross-sectional study of adults with ADHD, individuals first diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood showed a milder ADHD-like clinical and genetic profile than those diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, which may contribute to later recognition of the disorder. Nonetheless, adults diagnosed either as youths or adults exhibited profiles characteristic of ADHD relative to matched controls without ADHD, including substantial burden, supporting adult-diagnosed ADHD as a clinically important subgroup warranting recognition and management.

Identifying updated, evidence-based risk and protective factors for psychotic disorders is essential to advancing scientific and clinical knowledge of their etiology. Since the most recent umbrella review published in this journal, the evidence base has expanded substantially. Following a pre-registered protocol, we searched the Web of Science for systematic reviews with meta-analyses of observational studies published between the search date of the last umbrella review (February 1, 2017) and March 31, 2025, examining associations of sociodemographic, parental, perinatal, and later factors or antecedents with ICD/DSM (any version) diagnoses of non-organic psychotic disorders. We graded associations between each putative factor and psychotic disorders using standardized international classification criteria: convincing (class I), highly suggestive (class II), suggestive (class III), and weak (class IV). We also conducted sensitivity analyses: a) lowering the classification criterion requiring more than 1,000 cases to 500 cases, b) restricted to prospective studies (class I-II factors), and c) testing more robust estimates of uncertainty (Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method). Then, we estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) for potentially modifiable class I-III factors. Study quality was assessed with A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews (AMSTAR). A total of 69 systematic reviews and meta-analyses were included, reporting on 970 individual studies and 221 risk or protective factors for psychotic disorders. Six risk factors showed convincing (class I) evidence of association: Black-African ethnicity in England (odds ratio, OR=4.89, 95% CI: 4.04-5.92), South Asian ethnicity in England (OR=2.15, 95% CI: 1.69-2.73), paternal age <20 years (OR=1.34, 95% CI: 1.20-1.50), birthweight under 2,000 g (OR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.48-2.13), birthweight under 2,500 g (OR=1.50, 95% CI: 1.38-1.64), and maternal history of three or more previous pregnancies (OR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.20-1.45). Eighteen additional factors were highly suggestive (class II): maternal psychosis, Black-Caribbean ethnicity in England, any maternal mental health disorder, ethnic minority status in a low ethnic density area, first-generation immigrant status, cannabis use 5 to 7 days per week, Toxoplasma gondii IgG positivity, history of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), trait anhedonia, olfactory identification ability, premorbid IQ, and seven factors pertaining to minor physical anomalies. Two additional factors were upgraded from class IV to class II in our sensitivity analyses: clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR-P) state, and soft neurological signs. Twenty-six factors (including four protective factors) were suggestive (class III), 75 were weak (class IV), and 96 were non-significant. Sensitivity analyses restricted to prospective studies downgraded some of the above factors, but only total minor physical anomalies became non-significant. The largest PAFs (>10%) were found for childhood adversities (40.69%), Toxoplasma gondii IgG positivity (20.47%), cannabis use 5-7 days per week (12.75%), and CHR-P state (12.68%). The sensitivity analyses employing robust uncertainty estimates confirmed that, among class I factors, Black-African ethnicity in England, birthweight under 2,000 g, and birthweight under 2,500 g retained their level of evidence. The mean AMSTAR score was 7.73 (SD=2.09). These findings provide an evidence-based, updated atlas of risk and protective factors for psychosis, advancing epidemiological knowledge, refining precision psychiatry, identifying targets for preventive intervention, and guiding global public health research.