Faculty Bibliography

INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND:Currently, there is little clinical evidence to support the medium- and long-term survival and clinical performance of ultraconservative approaches using adhesive restorations in full-mouth restorations. The aim of this case series study was to evaluate the medium-term clinical performance of anterior and posterior adhesive restorations applied with direct and indirect techniques using resin composites and glass-ceramic-based materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS/METHODS:The inclusion criteria were an esthetic problem as the main reason for consultation and severe generalized wear of grade 2 to 4 according to the Tooth Wear Evaluation System (TWES 2.0). In addition, at each follow-up appointment, patients were required to submit a clinical-parameter-monitoring record according to the modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. RESULTS:< 0.005) on the survival of the restorations. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:According to the results of this study, there is a significantly higher risk of restorative complications in posterior teeth compared to anterior teeth. Also, it can be concluded that the indication of adhesive anterior and posterior restorations is justified in the total oral rehabilitation of patients with severe multifactorial tooth wear, as they are associated with a low risk of failure.

OBJECTIVE:) ceramic structures fabricated using additive manufacturing (3D printing). METHODS:powder was combined with ammonium polyacrylate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and polyelectrolyte to create a colloidal gel, which was then used for printing. A digital CAD model of a disc was designed, and the G-code transferred to a custom built DIW 3D printer. The control group samples were prepared using pre-crystallized ceramic blocks, which were cut to obtain discs with same dimensions as the AR group. Disc-shaped specimens from both groups were crystallized at 840 °C. Mechanical properties were evaluated using biaxial flexural strength test (BFS) and Vickers hardness test. Representative fractographic images of the specimens were acquired using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the fracture origin and crack propagation. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) were used for chemical analysis, and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) was performed to analyze the crystalline phases. RESULTS:) in the AM group. SEM micrographs showed a more porous microstructure associated with the 3D printed samples. SIGNIFICANCE/CONCLUSIONS:crystals and higher degrees of porosity.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effect of short curing time using a high-radiant emittance light on polymerization shrinkage vectors in different consistency bulk-fill composites (BFRCs) using micro-computed tomography. METHODS AND MATERIALS/METHODS:Radiopaque zirconia fillers were homogeneously incorporated and functioned as radiopaque tracers into two regular-paste: TBFill (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill) and TPFill (Tetric PowerFill), and two flowable (n=6): TBFlow (Tetric EvoFlow Bulk Fill) and TPFlow (Tetric PowerFlow) resin composites. Class I cavities (4 mm depth × 4 mm length × 4 mm width) were 3D-printed and filled in a single increment: TBFill and TBFlow were light-activated using a Bluephase Style 20i (10 seconds in high-mode); TPFill and TPFlow were light-activated using a Bluephase PowerCure (three seconds). The same adhesive system (Adhese Universal) was used for all groups. Microcomputed tomography scans were obtained before and after light-activation. Filler particle movement was identified by polymerization shrinkage vectors at five depths (from 0-4 mm): top, top-middle, middle, middle-bottom and bottom. RESULTS:TPFlow showed the lowest total vector displacement, followed by TBFlow, TBFill and TPFill, significantly different among each other (p<0.05). Generally, BFRCs showed decreased vector displacement with increased depth, and higher displacement at the top-surface (p<0.05). Qualitative analysis showed a similar pattern of vector magnitude and displacement for groups TBFill and TPFill, with displacement vectors on occlusal (top) surfaces toward the center of the restoration from the top to middle areas, and relatively limited displacement at the bottom. TBFlow and TPFlow showed more displacement on the occlusal (top). CONCLUSIONS:Short curing time with high-radiant emittance on fast-curing BFRCs was shown to be a feasible option in terms of vector displacement. Flowable BFRCs presented lower vector displacement than their regular-viscosity versions.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM/BACKGROUND:The light source stability of digital cameras and smartphones is important in shade matching in restorative and prosthetic dentistry to communicate objectively with the dental laboratory. Techniques that standardize the light source of such devices are lacking, and this limitation can lead to color mismatches, difficulties in color communication, and treatment documentation. PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this clinical study was to compare the magnitude of color difference (ΔE) among 3 shade selection methods during the fabrication of ceramic crowns: visual shade selection with a shade guide, digital shade selection with a digital camera and cross-polarizing filter, and digital shade selection with a smartphone and a light-correcting device. MATERIAL AND METHODS/METHODS:Forty-five patients in need of ceramic crowns were enrolled, and shade selection was evaluated according to different protocols: visual shade selection (A-D shade guide and IPS Natural Die Material Shade Guide, sent to the dental laboratory technician via a laboratory prescription); digital shade selection with a digital camera (D7000; Nikon Corp) with an 85-mm lens and wireless close-up flash, with and without a cross-polarizing filter (Polar eyes); and digital shade selection with a smartphone and a light-correcting device (iPhone XS attached to Smile Lite MDP, with and without its cross-polarizing filter accessory). Information from the smartphone was imported to an app (IPS e.max Shade Navigation App; Ivoclar Vivadent AG) that converted the reading to a shade and level of translucency for the ceramic restoration. For all photographs, a gray reference card with known color values was positioned by the mandibular teeth and was used for white balancing of the digital photographs with a software program. All photographs were edited and sent to the dental laboratory: white-balanced with the shade guide; white-balanced with the substrate shade guide; black and white; saturated; and cross-polarized. Ceramic crowns were made with the same lithium disilicate material (IPS e.max CAD; Ivoclar Vivadent AG) and cemented with the same resin cement (RelyX Ultimate Clicker, A3 shade; 3M). The ΔE values between the crown and the adjacent tooth were determined. The data were analyzed by using a 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey posthoc tests (α=.05). RESULTS:The mean ΔE between a cemented ceramic crown and the adjacent tooth in the visual shade selection group was 5.32, significantly different than both digital camera (ΔE=2.75; P=.002) and smartphone (ΔE=2.34; P=.001), which were not different from each other (P=.857). CONCLUSIONS:The digital shade selection with photographs acquired with both a digital camera and a smartphone with a light-correcting device showed a threshold within the acceptable values (ΔE<3.7), whereas the visual shade selection showed an average ΔE above the threshold for acceptable values (ΔE>3.7). The use of a gray reference card helped standardize the white balance from the digital images.

OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:This study aims to evaluate the opalescence (OP) and color stability of composite resins over a period of 180 days and to compare composite resins' OP with enamel's OP. MATERIALS AND METHODS/METHODS:Twenty human enamel specimens (5.0 × 0.3 mm) and 9 specimens (10.0 × 1.0 mm) of 10 colors of 4 different composite resins (3 M ESPE, FGM, Ivoclar-Vivadent, Miscerium) and one brand of adhesive (3 M ESPE) were made. The results were obtained by measuring the reflectance and transmittance spectra in the visible region. After baseline measurement, composites and adhesive were analyzed after 2, 7, 30, 60, 120, and 180 days. The Lab color coordinates were used in the calculations of the OP parameter and color differences in the CIELab and CIEDE2000 methods. The data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS:The materials tested showed variation and an increase in OP over time. The OP found for enamel was 18.06 ± 2.99, and some resins showed higher results. There was a strong correlation between the coordinate b*T and the OP over time. Enamel Plus was the only one material that presented no color changes during all periods in both color analyses. Filtek Z350 XT, AT, and BT did not show differences in any time when analyzed by CIELAB. CONCLUSIONS:The OP of most composite resins changed during the period of 180 days and was different from the OP of tooth enamel. In general, composites demonstrated small color changes over the period tested, being this characteristic material dependent. CLINICAL RELEVANCE/CONCLUSIONS:Natural teeth present different optical properties. Composite resins restorations should present properties similar to natural teeth and it is important that characteristics like color and opalescence remain stable over time.

OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:To compare the operative time and presence of air voids on Class II restorations fabricated by dental practitioners with 1 to 5 years of experience using incremental and bulk-filling techniques. METHOD AND MATERIALS/METHODS:Four techniques were evaluated: incremental, bulk-filling, bulk-filling with heated composite, and snowplow technique. Standardized mandibular first molars with a MOD (mesial, occlusal, and distal) cavity were used. Voluntary operators made two restorations using each technique and the time required for each restoration was recorded. The restorations were scanned by micro-computed tomography to calculate the volume of the restoration occupied by air voids. The "operative time" and "volume of air voids" were analyzed individually by two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD post hoc (α = .05) for the factors operator and insertion technique. A correlation between "operative time" and "volume of air voids" was evaluated using Pearson coefficient (α = .05). RESULTS:The incremental technique required significantly longer time, yet no differences were observed between the bulk-filling techniques. There were no significant differences between techniques regarding the volume of air voids. A significant, but weak, and inverse linear correlation (P = .0059; r = -.29; r2 = 8.41%) was found between the operative time and volume of air voids. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:There were no significant differences in the volume of air voids among the evaluated techniques, although bulk-filling techniques required a shorter operative time. Hence, implementing bulk-filling techniques by dental schools and restorative dental practitioners with different levels of expertise may reduce chair time and produce a volume of air voids similar to the incremental technique.

OBJECTIVES/OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effect of argon plasma treatment (PLA) when combined with sandblasting (SAN), silanization (SIL), and hydrophobic bonding resin (HBR) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a two-year water-aged resin composite bonded to a newly placed composite after 24 hours and one year of water-storage. METHODS AND MATERIALS/METHODS:Thirty-six light-cured composite plates (20mm x 20mm x 4mm thick) were obtained and stored at 37°C in distilled water for 2 years. These aged plates were distributed into 6 groups (n=6) according to the surface treatment: no treatment (Negative Control); SAN+SIL+HBR (Positive Control); SAN+PLA+SIL+HBR; PLA+ SIL+HBR; PLA+SIL; PLA+HBR. Fresh resin composite cylinders were built up using silicone molds (hole: 1.5 mm high x 1.5 mm diameter) positioned over the aged plates. Half of the SBS samples were stored in distilled water for 24 hours and loaded until failure, while the other half were stored for 1 year before being tested. Data were submitted to two-way analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey Test (preset alpha of 0.05). RESULTS:Positive Control, SAN+PLA+SIL+HBR and PLA+SIL+HBR groups presented higher SBS means at the 24 hour evaluation. After 1 year of water storage, all groups demonstrated significant SBS reduction, with the SAN+PLA+SIL+HBR group presenting the highest SBS. CONCLUSIONS:Resin plasma treatment in combination with other surface treatments can improve the SBS of composite repairs after one year of water storage. The SBS of the composite repair was not stable over time regardless of the surface treatment.

The increased emphasis on orofacial esthetics, experienced both by dental professionals and the lay public, results in an environment where overtreatment can easily occur. Patients on the one hand feel pressure from esthetic norms that are often unrealistic, while dental professionals are compelled to deliver immediate results many times without considering what is best for the ill-informed patient. This article is an illustrated cautionary tale against overtreatment disguised as esthetic dentistry. Representative clinical examples illustrate how porcelain veneers are used without following sound operatory principles, as well as how these cases have been resolved.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE:This study evaluated the effect of different tightening protocols on the probability of survival of screw-retained implant-supported anterior crowns. MATERIALS AND METHODS/METHODS:Seventy-two implants with internal conical connections (4.0 × 10mm, Ti-6Al-4V, Colosso, Emfils) were divided into four groups (n = 18 each): 1) Manufacturer's recommendations torque (25 N.cm for abutment's screw and 30 N.cm for crown's screw) (MaT); 2) Retightening after 10 min (ReT); 3) Torque 16% below recommended to simulate an uncalibrated wrench (AgT), and; 4) Temporary crown simulation (TeT), where crowns were torqued to 13 N.cm to simulate manual tightening, subjected to 11,200 cycles to simulate temporary crown treatment time (190 N), and then retightened to manufacturer torque (TeT). All specimens were subjected to cyclic fatigue in distilled water with a load of 190 N until 250,000 cycles or failure. The probability of survival (reliability) to complete a mission of 50,000 cycles was calculated and plotted using the Weibull 2-Parameter analysis. Weibull modulus and number of cycles at which 62.3% of the specimens would fail were also calculated and plotted. The failure mode was characterized in stereo and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). RESULTS:The probability of survival was 69.3% for MaT, 70% for ReT, 54.8% for AgT, and 40.3% for TeT, all with no statistically significant difference. Weibull modulus was approximately 1.0 for all groups. The characteristic number of cycles for failure was 105,000 cycles for MaT, 123,000 for ReT, 82,000 cycles for AgT, and 54,900 cycles for TeT, with no significant difference between groups. The chief failure mode for MaT, ReT, AgT groups was crown screw fracture, whereas abutment screw fracture was the chief failure mode for the TeT group. CONCLUSION/CONCLUSIONS:Tightening protocol did not influence the probability of survival of the screw-retained anterior crowns supported by internal conical implants (Ti-6Al-4V, Colosso, Emfils).

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate, in vivo, trueness and precision of two intraoral scanners, CEREC Omnicam (OMNI) and CEREC Primescan (PRIM), compared to a conventional impression serving as a master model. METHOD AND MATERIALS/METHODS:Impressions were performed for seven participants. For each participant, conventional polyvinylsiloxane impression and digital impressions using two intraoral scanners, OMNI (software 4.6; CEREC ORTHO Protocol) and PRIM (10 digital impressions per participant, per scanner), were made. Conventional impression was digitized with a laboratory scanner (INEOS X5), and used as reference model. .STL files were superimposed with software (Geomagic Control X) using the tools Initial Alignment and Best Fit Alignment, and trueness and precision were evaluated. Statistical evaluation was performed with Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney tests (P < .05). RESULTS:Total mean trueness for the OMNI system was 56.45 ± 7.80 µm, and 47.29 ± 5.47 µm for the PRIM system. Regarding precision, values from the OMNI system were 42.47 ± 6.91 µm and from the PRIM system 21.86 ± 4.40 µm. PRIM presented better results for both trueness (P = .000) and precision (P = .000) when compared to OMNI. CONCLUSIONS:PRIM provided a better combination of trueness and precision than its predecessor OMNI. However, both PRIM and OMNI performed acceptably when performing indirect restorations, according to the current acceptable thresholds, considering both trueness and precision. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS:Full-arch impressions with Primescan presented more precision and trueness than Omnicam; however, compared to previous reported values of conventional impressions, they still presented lower accuracy.